Notas
** This article was first presented as a Shihata Distinguished Lecture for the SMU Law Institute of the Americas and the London Forum for International Economic Law and Development, delivered on March 24th, 2004. The lecture was also sponsored by the SMU International Law Society. For that opportunity, I thank Professor John Attanasio, Dean of the SMU Dedman School of Law; Professor Joseph Norton, President of the Law Institute of the Americas; Yolanda Eiseinstein, President of the International Law Society; my long time Brazilian friend Professor Marcos Aurélio Pereira Valadão, Research Fellow of the Law Institute of the Americas and a Doctorate candidate at SMU Dedman School of Law; and CAPES, a Foundation subordinated to the Ministry of Education of Brazil, for the generous financial support which allowed me to do researches at the Georgetown University Law Center, as a Visiting Scholar. I am also grateful for comments from Christopher J. Ballantyne.
1 Quoted by Nora Boustany, Diplomatic Dispatches, World News, The Washington Post, March 3, 2004, p. A16.
2See Mark B. Baker, Integration of the Americas: A Latin Renaissance or a Prescription for Disaster?, 11 Temp. Int’l & Comp. L. J. 309, 322 (1997), and Francisco de Assis Grieco, in A Supremacia Americana e a Alca, 267 (Aduaneiras, 1998).
3Id.
4See Brandy A. Bayer, The Expansion of NAFTA: Issues and Obstacles Regarding Accession by Latin American States and Associations, 26 Ga. J. Int’l & Comp. L. 615, p. 3 (1997) and Tullo Vigevani & Marcelo Passini Mariano, ALCA: O Gigante e os Anões, 21-24 (Senac, 2003).
5 The nations are: Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, St. Vicent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, the United States of America, and Venezuela. See http://www.ftaa-alca.org (official website of the FTAA) (last visited March 11, 2004).
6See http://www.ftaa-alca.org/Summits/Miami/declara_e.asp. (last visited March 11, 2004).
7See http://www.ftaa-alca.org/Summits_e.asp (last visited March 11, 2004)
8See http://www.ftaa-alca.org/Minis_e.asp (last visited March 11, 2004).
9Id.
10 Interview with the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations, Celso Luiz Nunes Amorim, published in Revista Época [Brazilian magazine], January 5, 2004, in http://www.mre.gov.br (last visited March 14, 2004), and Joe Zopolsky, Implementing the FTAA: A Survey of Hemispheric Unification Efforts within the Americas Over the Past Ten Years, 9 Currents Int’l Trade L. J. 91, 91 (2000).
11See Marc A. Miles at al. 2004 Index of Economic Freedom, 205 (The Heritage Foundation and the Wall Street Journal, 2004).
12See http://www.worldbank.org (official website of the World Bank) (last visited March 10, 2004).
13 Christopher M. Bruner, Hemispheric Integration and the Politics of Regionalism: The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), 33 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 1, 3 (2002).
14See http://www.worldbank.org (source: World Development Indicators database, August 2003) (last visited March 10, 2004).
15 See Marc A. Miles et alli, supra note 11, at 115. In 2001, the annual GDP growth was 1.4, and 1.5 in 2002 (see http://www.worldbank.org, last visited March 10, 2004).
16 Keith S. Rosenn, Whither Brazil: MERCOSUL and the Devaluation Crisis, 5 NAFTA L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 422, 424 (1999).
17 Joe Zopolsky, supra note 10, at 92.
18See supra note 13, at 26.
19Id.
20 Argentina major export trading partners are: Brazil 28.2%, US 11.1%, Chile 11.0%, Spain 4.1%. Its major import trading partners are: Brazil 36.5%, US 21.3%, Germany 5.5%, Italy 4.4%. Paraguay major export trading partners are: Brazil 37.2%, Uruguay 17.1%, Argentina 3.6%. Its major import trading partners are: Brazil 32.2%, Argentina 20.0%, Uruguay 4.3%. Uruguay major export trading partners are: Brazil 23.8%, Argentina 18.4%, US 8.9%, Germany 3.7%. Its major import trading partners are: Argentina 23.0%, Brazil 19.1%, US 11.4%, Italy 4.4%, UK 4.1%. And Brazil major export trading partners are: US 25.7%, Argentina 11.6%, Germany 5.4%, Netherlands 4.4%. Its major import trading partners are: US 27.4%, Argentina 13.5%, Germany 8.9%, Japan 5.0%. See Marc A. Miles at al, supra note 11, at 81, 325, 407, and 115.
21 According with Martín Redrado, Argentine vice-chancellor and chief MERCOSUR negotiator, negotiations with the European Union are more advanced than the ones towards the creation of the FTAA, in relation to which more offers have not been made. See Últimas Notícias, 12/03/2004 – 19h38 in http://www1.uol.com.br/economia/afp/ult35u33279.shl (last visited March 14, 2004).
22 David J. Gilmore, Free Trade Area of the Americas: Is it Desirable?, 31 U. Miami Inter-Am. L. Rev. 383, 413 (2000).
23See supra note 13, at 68.
24See U.S. Tariff Treatment of Main Brazilian Products, Executive Summary, available at http://www.brasilemb.org/trade_investment/executive_summary.pdf (last visited March 17, 2004).
25See supra note 20, at 115.
26See Brazilian Embassy, Brazil at a Glance, available at http://www.brasilemb.org/profile_brazil/profile1.shtml (last visited March 17, 2004).
27See Laura Altieri, Between Empire and Community: The United States and Multilateralism 2001-2003: A Mid-Term Assessment: Trade and Economic Affairs: NAFTA and the FTAA: Regional Alternatives to Multilateralism, 21 Berkeley J. Int’l L. 847, 856 ( 2003).
28See supra note 24, at 2.
29See interview with Roberto Giannetti da Fonseca, former Secretary of Brazil’s Foreign Trade Chamber, Revista Istoé [Brazilian magazine], November 5, 2003, at 11.
30Id.
31Id.
32See Christian Lohbauer, Alca: Uma Perspectiva dos Desafios do Brasil, in O Brasil e a Alca: Os Desafios da Integração, 243 (Alberto do Amaral Junior & Michelle Ratton Sanchez, eds., Aduaneiras ed., 2003).
33See supra note 24.
34Id.
35Id.
36See Clóvis Rossi, Comércio Exterior, in http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi1502200422.htm (last visited February 15, 2004).
37 See Revista Época, supra note 10, at 2.
38Id.
39See supra note 24.
40See interview with the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations, Celso Luiz Nunes Amorim, published in Revista Veja [Brazilian magazine], January 28, 2004, in http://www.mre.gov.br/portugues/politica_externa/discursos/discurso_detalhe.asp?ID_DISC... (last visited March 14, 2004).
41See Revista Época, supra note 10, at 2.
42Id.
43See Portal Exame – Economia in http://portalexame.abril.uol.com.br/economia/conteudo_30278.shtml (last visited March 15, 2004).
44See Portal Exame – Economia in http://portalexame.abril.com.br/economia/conteudo_31519.shtml (last visited March 20, 2004).
45 The United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile.
46See supra note 36, at 2.
47Id.
48 Id.
49See Tullo Vigevani & Marcelo Passini Mariano, supra note 4, at 112-114.
50Id.
51 Joseph J. Norton, Doing Business under the FTAA: Reflections of a U.S. Business Lawyer, 6 NAFTA L. & Bus. Rev. Am. 421, 433 (2000).