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O Direito Japonês

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Agenda 06/09/2023 às 15:21

PROFISSÕES JURÍDICAS

O Japão reconhece um grande número de profissões jurídicas, mas o número de advogados é significativamente menor do que nos Estados Unidos. Isto deve-se ao facto de a lei japonesa se basear no sistema de direito civil da Europa Continental e de um número muito pequeno de advogados (advogados) ser complementado por um grande número de notários e escrivães de direito civil. O Japão introduziu um novo sistema de formação jurídica em 2004, como parte de uma reforma do sistema judicial. A reforma do sistema judicial tem sido criticada por não incorporar uma perspectiva de género.74 As principais profissões, cada uma das quais com um processo de qualificação separado, incluem:

Os consultores jurídicos internos de grandes corporações são quase totalmente não regulamentados, embora tenha havido uma tendência na última década de os advogados migrarem internamente.


TRIBUNAIS E PROCEDIMENTOS

O sistema judicial do Japão está dividido em quatro níveis básicos, 438 Tribunais Sumário: s, um Tribunal Distrital em cada província, oito Tribunais Superiores e o Supremo Tribunal.Há também um Tribunal de Família vinculado a cada Tribunal Distrital.

Direitos do Acusado

As disposições que regem diretamente os procedimentos de julgamento estabelecem que a admissão de depoimentos deve ser convincente. Existem também direitos que garantem um julgamento rápido e público, plena oportunidade de interrogar todas as testemunhas e aconselhamento jurídico por advogados contratados pelo Estado, caso o arguido não possa pagar um advogado privado. Além disso, uma pessoa não pode incorrer em responsabilidade criminal se o ato era lícito no momento em que foi cometido, e não pode ser condenada duas vezes pelo mesmo crime (dupla penalidade).68

Procedimentos

Sob o Ministério Público Supremo existem 8 gabinetes superiores, 50 gabinetes distritais e 810 gabinetes locais. Em 1990, havia cerca de 1.100 procuradores e 900 funcionários públicos assistentes, todos nomeados pelo governo central.68

Se existirem motivos razoáveis para deter um suspeito, o juiz deve emitir imediatamente um mandado ou ordem de detenção, no máximo 10 dias antes de o processo ser instaurado. Os motivos razoáveis são determinados por três critérios: 1) se o suspeito tem uma habitação fixa, 2) se o suspeito pode destruir provas e; 3) se ele pode fugir da jurisdição.68

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REFERÊNCIAS (em inglês)

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  2. Malcolm D. Evans. International Law. p. 49. Oxford, 2003. ISBN 0-19-928270-6.

  3. This may be shown by reference to some epochal events in Japanese relations with three Korean countries during this period: with Shilla in 205 AD, Paekche in 2016 AD and Kogryo, bordering upon North China, in 297 AD as cited by Masaji Chiba, Japan Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 89–90.

  4. Masaji Chiba, Japan Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.

  5. K Zweigert and H Kotz, Introduction to Comparative Law (2nd ed, Vol 1, Oxford, Clarendon press, 1987), pp. 361. and 370–371; R. David and J. E. C. Brierley, Major Legal Systems in the World Today, An Introduction to the Comparative Study of Law (2nd ed, London, Stevens and Sons, 1978), pp. 479. and 500.

  6. However, Japanese legal and general historians have not overtly affirmed or denied this for two reasons: first, because there are no written records left and, second, because Japanese official history tended to devaluate, or even deny, and Korean influence, cited in Masaji Chiba, Japan Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 90.

  7. Masaji Chiba, Japan Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 91.

  8. Translation of "kami" = gods in Shintoism, not only enshrined in Jinja (enshrinement of Shinto gods, worshiped by any group of small local fraternities, local communities or associated believers from different localities) but also deified as governing human affairs and natural occurrences, as cited by Masaji Chiba, "Japan" Poh-Ling Tan, (ed), Asian Legal Systems, Butterworths, London, 1997 at 118.

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  38. For an exception, see Judgment of the Supreme Court, 20 January 1971, Minshū 25-1-1.

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  51. This is known as the "nasciturus fiction" which allows a fetus in utero to be considered legally born for purely beneficial purposes; this is the equivalent of the common law en ventre sa mère doctrine.

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  58. Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Property Law". Japanese Law. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1. ISBN 978-0-19-923218-5.

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  73. Art. 33. and Art. 35. of the Code of Criminal Procedure.

  74. Osaka, Eri. "Gender Issues in the Legal Profession and Legal Education in Japan" Paper presented at the annual meeting of The Law and Society Association, Hilton Bonaventure, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, May 27, 2008.

LEITURA ADICIONAL (em inglês):

Geral:

Ramos

Filosofia do Direito

LINKS EXTERNOS (em inglês)

Japanese Law Translation by the Ministry of Justice (Japanese Law Translation Database System in English)

Sobre o autor
Icaro Aron Paulino Soares de Oliveira

Bacharel em Direito pela Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Acadêmico de Administração na Universidade Federal do Ceará - UFC. Pix: icaroaronpaulinosoaresdireito@gmail.com WhatsApp: (85) 99266-1355. Instagram: @icaroaronsoares

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