10. SAÚDE DA MULHER:

Em 2005, o parlamento iraniano aprovou abortos realizados antes dos quatro meses de gestação se a vida da mulher estivesse em risco ou se o feto fosse inviável ou com crescimento anormal. Com apoio técnico do Fundo de População das Nações Unidas, o governo empreendeu iniciativas de alfabetização e planejamento familiar.

Um fundo chamado Americans for UNFPA contribuiu para a Organização do Movimento de Alfabetização do Irã, fornecendo treinamento a mais de 7.000 professores, desenvolvendo uma série de televisão de nove episódios sobre questões de saúde da mulher, incluindo planejamento familiar e aquisição de computadores e outros equipamentos. 112

A expectativa média de vida das mulheres iranianas aumentou de 44,2 anos em 1960 para 75,7 anos em 2012 e a taxa de mortalidade materna diminuiu de 83 para 23 por 100.000 entre 1990 e 2013. -organizações governamentais promoveram a saúde das mulheres, enfatizando a importância de check-ups regulares, exames de Papanicolau, mamografia e exames de sangue. A suplementação de vitamina D e cálcio e a terapia de reposição hormonal foram enfatizadas com o intuito de prevenir a osteoporose. Em 2011, a depressão em mulheres iranianas ficou em primeiro lugar entre as doenças; ficou em segundo lugar em 2003. A prevalência da criminalidade feminina aumentou nos últimos anos, assim como os crimes relacionados às drogas e à violência. 113

Em agosto de 2014, métodos contraceptivos permanentes foram proibidos pelo parlamento iraniano. Khamenei pediu a proibição de vasectomias e laqueadura em um esforço para aumentar o crescimento populacional. 114 A Anistia Internacional informou que, em 2018, o acesso à contracepção moderna e acessível para mulheres iranianas era limitado. 115

11. MOVIMENTOS DOS DIREITOS DAS MULHERES NO IRÃ:

No Irã, a busca das mulheres por direitos iguais aos dos homens remonta ao século 19 e início do século 20. De acordo com Nayereh Tohidi, os movimentos de mulheres no Irã podem ser divididos em oito períodos. 89

• 1905-1925 : este período foi durante a revolução constitucional, que marcou o fim da dinastia Qajar. Os esforços das mulheres eram principalmente secretos, e seus objetivos eram melhorar a alfabetização, a saúde das mulheres e prevenir a poligamia e a violência doméstica. 89

• 1925-1940: Esta era marcou o início da dinastia Pahlavi e o reinado de Reza Shah. Nesse período, as mulheres não eram obrigadas a usar o véu e passaram a ter acesso às universidades. 89

• 1940s-1950s: esta foi a era da nacionalização da indústria petrolífera do Irã e trouxe às mulheres mais acesso à educação e a algum ativismo político até certo ponto. Exceto pela Lei de Proteção à Família que falhou e foi revogada, nenhuma grande reforma foi feita durante essa época. 89

• 1960s-1970s: Durante a era da Revolução Branca e da modernização, as mulheres viram maiores reformas legais nos direitos de voto e nas leis de proteção familiar, bem como uma maior participação na economia. 89

• 1979-1997 : A revolução de 1979 viu o fechamento dos centros de mulheres e o declínio das contribuições das mulheres para a economia. 89

• 1997-2005: Durante o governo de Khatami, as reformas deram às mulheres mais acesso à imprensa feminista e à imprensa livre. 89

• 2005-2013: A era Ahmadinejad do neoconservadorismo viu o aumento da repressão e o aumento do desemprego. 89

• 2013-presente: A era da moderação sob o governo de Rouhani não viu grandes reformas no status das mulheres porque os radicais já revogaram a maioria delas. 89

Em meados do século 19, Tahereh foi a primeira mulher iraniana a aparecer em público sem usar véu; ela é conhecida como a mãe dos movimentos pelos direitos das mulheres no Irã. Outros a seguiram para elevar o status das mulheres. 116 Entre eles estava Safiya Yazdi, a esposa de um importante clérigo Muhammad Husain Yazdi. Safiya Yazdi, com o apoio de seu marido, abriu a Iffatiyah Girls School em 1910 e ganhou elogios por suas palestras francas sobre questões femininas. 40

As mulheres no Irã estão se tornando mais informadas sobre as tendências atuais do feminismo global. Eles também estão se tornando mais engajados, especialmente com os mecanismos e ferramentas criados por meio dos projetos e convenções de gênero da ONU, como a Convenção sobre a Eliminação de Todas as Formas de Discriminação Contra a Mulher (CEDAW). Devido ao poder de veto do conservador Conselho Guardião, no entanto, as tentativas feitas pelos deputados reformistas no sexto Majlis para ratificar a CEDAW não tiveram sucesso. A maioria das mulheres ativistas, tanto islâmicas quanto seculares, vem enquadrando suas demandas dentro da estrutura da CEDAW. 89

Nos últimos anos, o governo iraniano investiu em organizações de mulheres e iniciativas ativistas que buscam capacitar as mulheres para aprender habilidades que dão às mulheres mais independência. 4 O estado, no entanto, continua a restringir o movimento de ativistas dos direitos das mulheres que viajam para o exterior. A ativista e fotógrafa Alieh Motalebzadeh foi condenada a três anos de prisão por participar de um workshop de empoderamento feminino na Geórgia. 115

O movimento pelos direitos das mulheres no Irã continua tentando instituir reformas, particularmente com a Campanha Um Milhão de Assinaturas para Acabar com a Discriminação Contra as Mulheres. 58 117 118

12. INFLUÊNCIA INTERNACIONAL E O MOVIMENTO DAS MULHERES

12.1. A esfera cultural persa

O intelectual iraniano Farah Karimi escreveu um livro intitulado "Slagveld Afeganistão" que critica as políticas militares holandesas no Afeganistão; em 2006, foi nomeada representante das Nações Unidas nos assuntos do Afeganistão. 119

Em 2003, Sima Bina, a voz de Khorasan - uma região no nordeste do Irã - realizou trenódios seculares no Théâtre du Soleil em benefício do projeto "Afghanistan: one child one book" criado pela organização Open Asia. 120

Em 2004, o Banco Mundial financiou uma "rede de mulheres persas" para promover o bem-estar das mulheres em países de língua persa. 121

Em 2006, Anousheh Ansari, uma mulher cuja família fugiu do país após a revolução de 1979, tornou-se a primeira mulher iraniana no espaço. 122 A façanha, realizada no Cazaquistão, teria sido uma inspiração para muitas mulheres iranianas. 122

12.2. Relação com o feminismo ocidental

Apesar da postura antifeminista do governo iraniano, muitos observadores disseram que há uma geração feminista emergente de mulheres jovens educadas no Irã. 123 Alguns sugerem que o movimento de mulheres iranianas deve aceitar a ajuda de feministas ocidentais, cujo progresso foi reconhecido na sociedade ocidental, para ser reconhecido. Essa perspectiva sugere que o feminismo ocidental pode oferecer liberdade e oportunidade às mulheres iranianas que não são oferecidas por sua própria sociedade religiosa. Defensores dessa visão dizem que o que quer que o movimento das mulheres iranianas consiga dentro da sociedade iraniana, o status das mulheres individuais dentro dessa sociedade sempre será menor do que as conquistas das feministas ocidentais. 124 Outros sugerem que movimentos paroquiais de mulheres nunca serão bem sucedidos e que até que uma irmandade global de todas as nações e religiões tenha sido estabelecida, o feminismo não chegou realmente. 125 Uma terceira perspectiva sugere que um movimento global de mulheres ignorará e minará os elementos únicos do feminismo iraniano indígena que surgiram como resultado de sua história e religião. 124

De acordo com Howland, a assinatura do Pacto Internacional sobre Direitos Civis e Políticos, um tratado multilateral adotado pelas Nações Unidas, não melhorou muito a situação das mulheres. 126

13. CRIMES CONTRA AS MULHERES

De acordo com alguns relatos, centenas de mulheres iranianas são mortas a cada ano em crimes de honra. 138 Um relatório de 2019 concluiu que "quase 30% de todos os casos de assassinato no Irã foram crimes de honra de mulheres e meninas". 139

No Irã, alguns estudos estimam que a mutilação genital feminina (MGF) Tipo I e II entre migrantes iraquianos e grupos minoritários curdos varia de 40% a 85%. 140 141 142 Em 2019, as Nações Unidas criticaram o histórico de direitos humanos do Irã e sugeriram melhorias nos direitos das mulheres no país. 143

Em outubro de 2020, o dono de uma livraria, Keyvan Emamverdi, confessou ter estuprado 300 mulheres. 144 Centenas de mulheres que trabalham na indústria cinematográfica no Irã dizem que há violência "sistemática" contra as mulheres dentro da indústria. 143

Em 2022 - 2023, centenas de meninas foram envenenadas para impedi-las de frequentar a escola. (Relatórios de envenenamento em massa de meninas iranianas). 146 De acordo com um oficial de saúde iraniano, isso envolveu envenenamento deliberado usando "compostos químicos".147

EM COMPARAÇÃO COM OUTROS PAÍSES ISLÂMICOS:

De acordo com a Pesquisa Global Gap do Fórum Econômico Mundial (2021), os países do Oriente Médio, incluindo o Irã, têm pontuações semelhantes para paridade de gênero. Apenas os Emirados Árabes Unidos, conhecidos por sua 'orientação ocidental', obtiveram pontuações significativamente mais altas. A participação econômica das mulheres e o Índice de Desigualdade de Gênero da ONU classificam o Irã com pontuações comparáveis às do Egito, Síria e Iraque. No que diz respeito à paridade na realização educacional, o Irã também segue a tendência positiva de outros países do Oriente Médio, mas mostra falta de paridade na participação econômica.148

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LEITURA ADICIONAL

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• Shirin Ebadi, Iran Awakening: A Memoir of Revolution and Hope, Random House (May 2, 2006), ISBN 1-4000-6470-8

• Rouhani clashes with Iranian police over undercover hijab agents

Traduzido por Ícaro Aron Soares.