Media censorship in the 21st century and its contribution...

Notes

FGV. “The New State”, [2022]. https://cpdoc.fgv.br/producao/dossies/FatosImagens/EstadoNovo, accessed by 10 August of 2023.
Carlos Henrique Vieira Santana. "The geopolitics of the Brazilian coup d’ ́etat and its consequences", [2018]. https://www2.hu-berlin.de/transcience/Vol9_No1_75_110.pdf, accessed by 10 August of 2023.
The Government Official website. It regulates the freedom of expression of thought and information. Law No. 5.250 of 1967. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l5250.htm#:~:text=LEI%20No%205.250%2C%20DE%209%20DE%20FEVEREIRO%20DE%201967.&text=Regula%20a%20liberdade%20de%20manifestação%20do%20pensamento%20e%20de%20informação, accessed by 10 August of 2023.
Migalhas. "Supreme Court: Ten years of the historic trial that revoked press law", [2019]. https://www.migalhas.com.br/quentes/299406/stf--dez-anos-do-julgamento-historico-que-revogou-lei-de-imprensa, accessed by 10 August of 2023.
Maria Helena Versiani. A republic in Constituent Assembly process (1985-1988). [2010]. https://www.scielo.br/j/rbh/a/tGrmf8JCPmgMVPsvmRYdTNJ/?format=pdf&lang=en, accessed by 10 August of 2023.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil. 3nd Edition, [2010]. https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_pais_b_1_en.pdf, accessed 13 of August of 2023.
Ibid.
American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of São José da Costa Rica), [1969]. https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/english/basic3.american%20convention.htm, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, [1966]. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Federal Supreme Court. Claim of Breach of Fundamental Precept 130, [2009]. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=605411, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Federal Supreme Court. Bulletin, [2022]. https://portal.stf.jus.br/internacional/content.asp?id=159922&ori=3&idioma=en_us, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
van Dijk, T. A. (2017). How Globo media manipulated the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691838, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Getulio Xavier from Carta Capital. "Bolsonaro attacks Supreme Court ministers and announces demonstrations for September 7", [2022]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/bolsonaro-ataca-ministros-do-stf-e-anuncia-manifestacoes-para-7-de-setembro/, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Fenaj. Reports of Violence against Journalists and Press Freedom in Brazil. https://fenaj.org.br/relatorios-de-violencia-contra-jornalistas-e-liberdade-de-imprensa-no-brasil/, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
UN General Assembly. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 december 1948, 217 A (III). https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Charter of United Nations and Statute of the International Court of Justice [1945], San Francisco. Pg. 3. https://treaties.un.org/doc/publication/ctc/uncharter.pdf, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Clovis Demarchi, "Between Fundamental Rights and Foundation: The Position of Human Dignity in the Brazilian Legal Context" (2020) 9 Technium Soc Sci J 288. Pg. 2 to 3.
UN General Assembly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 10 december 1948, 217 A (III).
Paragraph 3, of article 1 of United Nations Chapter: “To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all with- out distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”.
Mary Ann Glendon, Knowing the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 73 Notre Dame L. Rev. 1153 (1998). Pg. 10 to 13. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndlr/vol73/iss5/18/, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Official Government website. Fundamental and Human Rights Mark the 1988 Constitutional text. https://www.gov.br/pt-br/constituicao-30-anos/textos/direitos-fundamentais-e-humanos-marcam-texto-constitucional-de-1988, accessed by 13 July of 2023.
Official website of the Secretary of Justice and Citizenship, comparison between articles of the UDHR and the Federal Constitution. https://www.justica.pr.gov.br/Pagina/Declaracao-Universal-e-Constituicao-de-1988, accessed by 13 July of 2023.
Centre for Law and Democracy, Briefing Note Series on Freedom of Expression – Freedom of Expression as Human Rights, Pg. 2: https://www.law-democracy.org/live/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/foe-briefingnotes-1.pdf, accessed on July 13, 2023.
Ibid. Pg 3.
Ibid. Pg. 3 to 4.
This subject will be covered in Chapter 3 of the current research.
Centre for Law and Democracy, Briefing Note Series on Freedom of Expression – Freedom of Expression as Human Rights, Pg. 3: https://www.law-democracy.org/live/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/foe-briefingnotes-1.pdf, accessed on July 13, 2023.
Elvin Abbasli, "The Protection of the Freedom of Expression in Europe: Analysis of Article 10 of the ECHR" (2015) 2:1 Baku St UL Rev 18. Pg 18. https://www.academia.edu/42734048/Estudios_de_Derecho_Iberoamericano_Vol_III, accessed by 13 august of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 18
Ibid pg. 19.
European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 (ECHR), section 1, article 10 (1).
Sunday Times v. UK [1979], application 6538/74.
Helen Fenwick & Gavin Phillipson, Media Freedom under the Human Rights Act (Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 2006. Reprinted in 2010). Pg. 40. https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1126392, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
European Court of Human Rights. Hate speech [2023]. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/fs_hate_speech_eng, accessed by 14 July of 2023.
United Nations Human Rights Office of the Hight Commissioner. Use human rights frameworks to promote freedoms of religion, belief, and expression: UN experts. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/03/use-human-rights-frameworks-promote-freedoms-religion-belief-and-expression, accessed by 14 July of 2023.
Trager, R., & Dickerson, D. L. (1999). Freedom of expression in the 21st century. Chapter 1.
Rude Pina from Brasil de Fato. "Who is behind CNN's arrival in Brazil?", [2019]. https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2019/01/16/quem-esta-por-tras-da-chegada-da-cnn-no-brasil#:~:text=O%20canal%20estadunidense%2C%20no%20entanto,da%20CNN%20fora%20dos%20EUA., accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Elvin Abbasli, "The Protection of the Freedom of Expression in Europe: Analysis of Article 10 of the ECHR" (2015) 2:1 Baku St UL Rev 18. Pg. 21 https://www.academia.edu/42734048/Estudios_de_Derecho_Iberoamericano_Vol_III, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Monica Macovei, Human Rights Handbook, N. 2, Freedom of Expression – A guide to the implementations of article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Pg. 13 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041704/https://echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/C3804E16-817B-46D5-A51F-0AC1A8E0FB8D/0/DG2ENHRHAND022004.pdf, accessed by 19 July of 2023.
Autronic Ag v Switzerland. [1990] ECHR 12, 12726/87.
Monica Macovei, Human Rights Handbook, N. 2, Freedom of Expression – A guide to the implementations of article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, Pg. 14 https://web.archive.org/web/20110707041704/https://echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/C3804E16-817B-46D5-A51F-0AC1A8E0FB8D/0/DG2ENHRHAND022004.pdf, accessed by 19 July of 2023.
The Observer and the Guardian v. United Kingdom (Violation of freedom of expression). Application 13585/88 [1991].
Ibid. Pg. 14
Informationsverein Lentia v Austria, Judgment, Merits and Just Satisfaction, App No 13914/88, Case No 36/1992/381/455-459, A/276, [1993] ECHR 57, (1994) 17 EHRR 93, (1994) 18 EHRR 570, IHRL 2944 (ECHR 1993), 24th November 1993, European Court of Human Rights [ECHR].
European Convention on Human Rights Act 2003 (ECHR), section 1, article 10 (2).
Helen Fenwick & Gavin Phillipson, Media Freedom under the Human Rights Act (Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc. New York, 2006. Reprinted in 2010). Pg. 46. https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1126392, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 47.
European Court of Human Rights [1986], Lingens v. Austria, application n. 9815/82. Strasbourg, article 10.
European Court of Human Rights [1986], Lingens v. Austria, application n. 9815/82. Strasbourg, article 10.
Ibid
Ibid. Decision
Guide on article 10 of the European Court of Human Rights – Freedom of Expression, updated on 31 of August of 2022. https://www.echr.coe.int/documents/d/echr/guide_art_10_eng, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
The principle of proportionality is most prevalent in the field of communication, leading to the belief that communications can only be restricted to the extent strictly required to preserve constitutionally protected individual or collective rights or interests.
European Court of Human Rights, case Éditions Plon v. France [18/08/2004], Application 58148/00. Strasbourg, article 10.
Jo M. Pasqualucci, 'The Inter-American Human Rights System: Progress Made and Still to Be Made' (2009) 52 German YB Int'l L 181. Pg 3. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/gyil52&i=184, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
American Convention on Human Rights: Pact of San José, Costa Rica. https://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_American_Convention_on_Human_Rights.pdf, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
Victor Rodriguez Rescia & Marc David Seitles, The Development of the Inter-American Human Right System: A Historical Perspective and a Modern-Day Critique, 16 N.Y.L. Sch. J. HUM. Rts. 593 (2000). https://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/journal_of_human_rights/vol16/iss2/4/, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Organization of American States. https://www.oas.org/en/about/our_history.asp, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) is a prominent and independent entity within the framework of the Organisation of American States (OAS). Its authority is derived from the OAS Charter and the American Convention on Human Rights, and it serves as the representative body for all member nations of the OAS.
OAS history. https://www.oas.org/pt/sobre/nossa_historia.asp, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. https://www.oas.org/dil/access_to_information_human_right_American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man.pdf, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights: History. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/historia.cfm?lang=en, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
Mazzuoli, Valerio de Oliveira. The Inter-American Human Rights Protection System: Structure, Functioning and Effectiveness in Brazilian Law. Anu. Mex. Der. Inter, Ciudad de México , v. 11, p. 331-367, January 2011. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-46542011000100011&lng=es&nrm=iso, accessed by 21 July of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 337
Ibid. Pg. 337 to 338.
Ibid. Pg. 46 to 48.
Ibid. Pg 339 to 340.
Article 41 of Rules of Procedures of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. The regulation details the entire structure of the commission, its functions, and any limitations on its authority. https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/mandate/basics/rulesiachr.asp, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Ibid.
Ibid. This topic analyses articles 48 and 49 of the Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights <https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/mandate/basics/rulesiachr.asp, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Ibid. article 50.
Ibid. Article 51.
Ibid. Article 51, paragraph 1 and 2.
The Charter of the Organisation of American States. https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/english/basic22.charter%20oas.htm, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion OC-26/20 of November 9, 2020. Requested by the Republic of Colombia. The obligations in matter of Human Rights of a State that has denounced the American Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of the Organization of American States. Pg. 45. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_26_eng.pdf, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights – Statute. Article 4, Paragraph 1. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/estatuto.cfm?lang=en, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, antecedents and evolution. https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/mandate/basics/intro.asp, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights – American Convention on Human Rights. Jurisdiction and function, article 62 (1). https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/english/basic3.american%20convention.htm, accessed by 24 July of 2023.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights advisory opinion OC-26/20 of November 9, 2020. Requested by the Republic of Colombia. The obligations in matter of Human Rights of a State that has denounced the American Convention on Human Rights and the Charter of the Organization of American States. Pg. 46. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/opiniones/seriea_26_eng.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Approves the request for recognition of the mandatory jurisdiction of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in all cases involving the interpretation or application of the American Convention on Human Rights for events that occurred after recognition, in accordance with the first paragraph of article 62 of that international instrument. https://legis.senado.leg.br/norma/537575/publicacao/15651233, accessed by 25 July 2023.
Ibid. Article 1.
Article 1, paragraph 1 of the Legislative Decree says: All acts that could result in a revision of said request are subject to Congress approval. https://legis.senado.leg.br/norma/537575/publicacao/15651233, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
American Convention on Human Rights, Article 61. https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/portugues/c.convencao_americana.htm, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Brief history of the Inter-American Human Rights System https://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2004_2009/documents/fd/iachr_/iachr_en.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
American Convention on Human Rights, Article 68, paragraph 1. https://www.cidh.oas.org/basicos/portugues/c.convencao_americana.htm, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Ibid. article 68, paragraph 2.
Ibid. Article 68, paragraph 2.
Due to the fact that it has a well-defined set of principles and functions in the American Convention.
In Chapter 3 of this investigation, the Brazilian system will be analysed in detail.
Constituição Federativa da República do Brasil de 1988 (The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988). https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Ibid. Article 105, I.
Procedures derived from a foreign decision. https://bdjur.stj.jus.br/jspui/bitstream/2011/83924/Emr_18_2014_pre.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
De Oliveira Mazzuoli, Valerio. The Inter-American human rights protection system: Structure, functioning and effectiveness in Brazilian law. Afr. hum. rights law j. [online]. 2011, vol.11, n.1. https://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/ahrlj/v11n1/10.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
García Ramírez, Sergio (2015) "The Relationship between Inter-American Jurisdiction and States (National Systems): Some Pertinent Questions," Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law: Vol. 5: Iss. 1, Article 5. Pg 126. https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/ndjicl/vol5/iss1/5, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Alexandra Huneeus, Courts Resisting Courts: Lessons from the Inter-American Courts Struggle to enforce Human Rights. Pg. 526. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r30405.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 57 to 58.
Gomes Lund and Others v. Brazil, C-219. Inter-American Court of Human Rights [2010]. https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/gomes-lund-v-brazil/,accessed by 25 July 2023.
For more information read Paragraph 2. Pg. 4. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 26 July of 2023.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [1988], article 5, item XXXIII. https://www.oas.org/es/sla/ddi/docs/acceso_informacion_base_dc_leyes_pais_b_1_en.pdf, accessed by 26 July 2023.
The full document with commentary of the sentence of Gomes Lund and Others v. Brazil https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
Delays in Justice must be eradicated, defends the new president of the STF. https://portal.stf.jus.br/noticias/verNoticiaDetalhe.asp?idConteudo=181248&ori=1#:~:text=A%20morosidade%20corrói%20a%20credibilidade,a%20lentidão%20do%20sistema%20judicial%3F and https://www.tre-pr.jus.br/institucional/escola-judiciaria-eleitoral/artigos/o-controle-da-morosidade-do-judiciario-eficiencia-so-nao-basta, accessed by 2 August of 2023.

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For more information read Paragraph 220. Pg 82. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 25 July of 2023.
For more information read Paragraph 2, second part. Pg. 4. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 26 July of 2023.
Ibid.
For more information read Paragraph 202. Pg. 77. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 26 July of 2023.
Ibid.
Based on the court's findings. Paragraph 3. Pg. 133. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/docs/casos/articulos/seriec_219_ing.pdf, accessed by 26 July of 2023.
Please refer to page 13 of this work.
United Nations of Human Rights [2011], Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, General Comment n. 34. Geneva. Pg 2.
Brazil is a signatory to the vast majority of human rights conventions and treaties, including the three mentioned in this section.
United Nations of Human Rights [2011], Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, General Comment n. 34. Geneva. Pg 3. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf, accessed by 13 July of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 3.
United Nations of Human Rights [2011], Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, General Comment n. 34. Geneva. Pg 3. https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/gc34.pdf, accessed by 13 July of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 4
Regarding one's standing in the community, consider the case of Lingens v. Austria. Where it was made clear that in the case of politicians or agents of public entities, they must be more resistant to criticism owing to the position they hold.
United Nations of Human Rights [2011], Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, General Comment n. 34. Geneva. Pg 6.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights [1983], General Comment No. 10: Freedom of Expression (article 19): 29/06/1983. CCPR General Comment No. 10 (General Comments), https://www.refworld.org/docid/453883f80.html accessed by 20 July of 2023.
United Nations of Human Rights [2011], Human Rights Committee, 102nd session, General Comment n. 34. Geneva. Pg 10.
Ibid. Pg. 11
The Brazilian legal system will be analysed in the next chapter, addressing how Treaties, Conventions and Pacts are accepted by the constitution and how the Brazilian system operates.
Lei de Acesso à Informação (LAI) - Lei 12.527/2011, Presidência da República, Casa da Defesa Civil. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2011/lei/l12527.htm, accessed by 13 July of 2023.
III Report of ICCPR, [2019]. https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/navegue-por-temas/cooperacao-internacional/relatorios-internacionais-1/IIIRelatriodoEstadobrasileiroaoPactodeDireitosCivisePolticos.pdf, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee [2021], Third Periodic report submitted by Brazil under article 40 of the Covenant, due in 2009. Pg. 35
Ibid. Pg. 35
Ibid. Pg. 35
United Nations, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee [2023], 138th session, Replies of Brazil to the list of issues in relation to its third periodic Pg. 16.
United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council. National report submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21 – Brazil, [2022]. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/476/12/PDF/G2247612.pdf?OpenElement, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
United Nations, General Assembly, Human Rights Council. Compilation of information prepared by the Office of the United Nations Hight Commissioner for Human Rights, [2022]. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G22/469/58/PDF/G2246958.pdf?OpenElement, accessed by 20 July of 2023. Pg. 5
UNESCO: Observatory of killed journalists. Monitoring the Killing journalists and media workers across the globe. https://www.unesco.org/en/safety-journalists/observatory, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
National Council of the Prosecutor’s Office - Enasp/CNMP and UNESCO discuss measures to counteract the assassination of journalists. https://www.cnmp.mp.br/portal/todas-as-noticias/10946-enasp-cnmp-e-unesco-discutem-acoes-de-combate-aos-assassinatos-de-profissionais-da-imprensa?highlight=WyJtb3J0ZSIsIm1vcnRlJywiLCJqb3JuYWxpc3RhcyJd, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
National Council of the Prosecutor’s Office - UNESCO and Brazil have formed a partnership to promote journalist safety initiatives. https://www.cnmp.mp.br/portal/todas-as-noticias/11329-enasp-cnmp-e-unesco-brasil-firmam-parceria-para-promover-iniciativas-sobre-seguranca-de-jornalistas?highlight=WyJpbnZlc3RpZ2FcdTAwZTdcdTAwZTNvIiwibW9ydGUiLCJtb3J0ZScsIiwiam9ybmFsaXN0YXMiXQ, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
Brazil: UN and IACHR experts express concern over complaint against journalists [2020], https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/02/brazil-un-and-iachr-experts-express-concern-over-complaint-against, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
Brazil: UN experts decries erosion of Democracy urges safe space for civil society [2022], https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/04/brazil-un-expert-decries-erosion-democracy-urges-safe-space-civil-society, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
Ministry of Human Rights and Citizenship - Federal Government provides access to National Human Rights Policy analysis reports [2022], https://www.gov.br/mdh/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2022/dezembro/governo-federal-da-visibilidade-aos-relatorios-de-analise-da-politica-nacional-de-direitos-humanos-pndh-3, accessed by 20 July of 2023.
Thomas Buergenthal, 'The American and European Conventions on Human Rights: Similarities and Differences' (1980) 30 Am U L Rev 155. Pg. 155. https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/aulr30&div=16&g_sent=1&casa_token=&collection=journals, accessed by 26 July of 2023.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [1988], https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
F. Garcia Calderon, 'Dictatorship and Democracy in Latin America' (1925) 3 Foreign Aff 459. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/fora3&i=465, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
The next sections of this study will provide a more comprehensive analysis of the aforementioned historical era.
Nunes, Diego. Academic Freedom in the Brazilian Constitutional History [2020]. https://www.historiaconstitucional.com/index.php/historiaconstitucional/article/view/657/178178397, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
Martin Feinrider, 'Judicial Review and the Protection of Human Rights under Military Governments in Brazil and Argentina' (1980) 5 Suffolk Transnat'l LJ171. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/sujtnlr5&i=184, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
Official Government website. “Censorship in Brazil”, [2019]. https://querepublicaeessa.an.gov.br/temas/136-censura-no-brasil.html, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Codato, Adriano Nervo. A political history of the Brazilian transition from military dictatorship to democracy, [2006]. https://socialsciences.scielo.org/pdf/s_rsocp/v2nse/scs_a04.pdf, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Knapp, Calla J.C.; NIELSON, Rex P. The Rusty Butler archive: revelations

of cultural repression during the brazilian military dictatorship. Brazilian Magazine of Comparative Literature,v. 24, no. 46, p. 179-193, Jan./Apr., 2022. https://www.scielo.br/j/rblc/a/Qt996LRh9xtqbvX3D9S3ggh/?format=pdf&lang=en, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Official Government website. “Approves the Regulation of the Public Amusement Censorship Service of the Federal Department of Public Security”. Decree No. 20.493 of 1946. https://legis.senado.leg.br/norma/439107/publicacao/15773849, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Knapp, Calla J.C.; NIELSON, Rex P. The Rusty Butler archive: revelations

of cultural repression during the brazilian military dictatorship. Brazilian Magazine of Comparative Literature,v. 24, no. 46, p. 179-193, Jan./Apr., 2022. https://www.scielo.br/j/rblc/a/Qt996LRh9xtqbvX3D9S3ggh/?format=pdf&lang=en, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Liz Batista. “National Press Freedom Day: Estadão Collection preserves pages marked by censorship”, [2022]. https://m.acervo.estadao.com.br/noticias/acervo,dia-nacional-da-liberdade-de-imprensa-acervo-estadao-preserva-paginas-marcadas-pela-censura,70004086704,0.htm, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Vitor Hugo Xavier. “Dictatorship never again! - Reasons to repudiate the Military Regime”, [2021]. https://www.assufrgs.org.br/2021/03/31/ditadura-nunca-mais-motivos-para-repudiar-o-regime-militar/, accessed by 7 August of 2023.

Justicia, a inteligência artificial do Jus Faça uma pergunta sobre este conteúdo:

What was the Press Law enacted during? What did the fourth chapter of the study focus on? What does the Federal Constitution of 1988 guarantee?

Faça sua pergunta
Greenhalgh, Raphael Diego. EPRESSION AND RESISTANCE: the great press in Brasilia during the Military Dictatorship (1964-1985). [2020]. https://doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2020v6n4a9en, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Memorial da Democracia. “Censored News Gives way to Camoes”, [2022]. https://memorialdademocracia.com.br/card/noticia-censurada-da-lugar-a-camoes, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Blikstad, Camila M.A. “Musical Artists Against the Brazilian Military Dictatorship: Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, and Chico Buarque”, [2023]. https://nupoliticalreview.org/2021/11/18/musical-artists-against-the-brazilian-military-dictatorship-caetano-veloso-gilberto-gil-and-chico-buarque/, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Chico Buarque. “Cálice”, English version. https://www.letras.mus.br/chico-buarque/calice-versao-em-ingles/, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Laura Mattos. “Regime Muzzled the Arts and the Press”, [2020]. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2020/06/regime-muzzled-the-arts-and-the-press.shtml, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid.
FENAJ. “For the memory, for the truth of Brazilian journalists” – Report. [2014]. https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/FENAJ-Relatório-Comissão-Verdade-Jornalistas.pdf, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Vladimir Institute. “Vladimir Herzog”, [2022]. https://vladimirherzog.org/sobre-o-instituto/vladimir-herzog/, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Guilherme Osinski. “The staged suicide that haunts Brazil”, [2022]. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/03064220221084567, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Official Government website. Grant amnesty and make other arrangements. Law No. 6,683 of August 1979. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/L6683compilada.htm, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ricardo Westin. Federal Senate website. “40 years ago, the Amnesty Law paved the way for the end of the dictatorship”, [2019]. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/especiais/arquivo-s/ha-40-anos-lei-de-anistia-preparou-caminho-para-fim-da-ditadura, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Official Government website. “August 3: end of censorship in Brazil and the resistance of a struggle that is perpetuated”, [2023]. https://www.gov.br/memoriasreveladas/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/3-de-agosto-fim-da-censura-no-brasil-e-a-resistencia-de-uma-luta-que-se-perpetua#:~:text=O%20dia%203%20de%20agosto,anos%20de%201964%20até%201985, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Jorge L. Esquirol, The Turn to Legal Interpretation in Latin America , 26 Am. U. Int'l L. Rev. 1031 (2011). Pg. 1035 https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/faculty_publications/324, accessed by 2 August of 2023.
Barbosa, Joaquim. “Reflections on Brazilian Constitutional”. Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs, vol. 12, no. 2, 2007, pp. 181–97. JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/45302316, Accessed by 3 Aug. 2023.
Henry W. McGee Jr. & Kurt Zimmerman, 'The Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon: Law, Politics, and International Cooperation' (1990) 21 U MiamiInter-Am L Rev 513. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/unmialr21&i=558, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
Keith S. Rosenn, Separation of Powers in Brazil, 47 Duq. L. Rev. 839 (2009). Pg. 855. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/214392703.pdf, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
Mendes, Gilmar. Supreme Federal Court - FRAMEWORK OF THE BRAZILIAN JUDICIARY AND JUDICIAL REVIEW. https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/sobreStfCooperacaoInternacional/anexo/Framework_of_the_Brazilian_Judiciary__Inglaterra_Final.10.2009.pdf, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Augusto Nobre, 'The Political Structure of the Federal Brazilian Republic under the Constitution of 1988' (1990) 21 U Miami Inter-Am L Rev 551. Pg 555 to 558. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/unmialr21&i=566, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
Vanice Regina Lirio do Valle, 'The Brazilian Constitution: Context, Structure and Current Challenges' (2020) 9 Brit J Am Legal Stud 423. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/bjamles9&i=426, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
Mendes, Gilmar. Supreme Federal Court - Framework of the Brazilian Judiciary and Judicial Review. https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/sobreStfCooperacaoInternacional/anexo/Framework_of_the_Brazilian_Judiciary__Inglaterra_Final.10.2009.pdf, accessed by 3 August of 2023.
The Federal Supreme Court, Abstract Constitutional Control. https://portal.stf.jus.br/internacional/content.asp?id=120199&ori=2&idioma=en_us, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ramos, Andre de Carvalho. Control of Conventionality and the struggle to achieve a definitive interpretation of human rights: the Brazilian experience. Pg 28. https://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r36237.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Zimmermann, Augusto. How Brazilian Judges Undermine the Rule of Law: A Critical Appraisal. (2008) 11 International Trade and Business Law Review 179-217. https://www.profpito.com/ITBLRBrazilianJudiciaryZimmermann.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Gomes, L. (2018). The Influences of Common Law on the Brazilian New Code of Civil Procedure. International Journal of Legal Information, 46(3), 176-180. doi:10.1017/jli.2018.39. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-legal-information/article/abs/influences-of-common-law-on-the-brazilian-new-code-of-civil-procedure/9BDB53F524D7FF3204CA4EA4959C4BD1?utm_campaign=shareaholic&utm_medium=copy_link&utm_source=bookmark, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [1988], https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
Coelho IR, Larangeira A, Moraes SDTA, Messetti PAS, Silva AP. Democratic formation of the 1988 constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CRFB/1988). J Hum Growth Dev. 2023; 33(1):129-138. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v33.13823, accessed 27 July of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 131
Ibid. Pg. 131 to 132.
Official Government website from Brazil. https://www.gov.br/pt-br/constituicao-30-anos/textos/direitos-fundamentais-e-humanos-marcam-texto-constitucional-de-1988, accessed by 27 July of 2023.
Article 5, CF/1988: paragraph 2. the rights and guarantees expressed in this constitution do not exclude others deriving from the regime and from the principles adopted by it, or from the international treaties in which the Federative Republic of Brazil is a party.

paragraph 3. international human rights treaties and conventions which are approved in each house of the national congress, in two rounds of voting, by three fifths of the votes of the respective members shall be equivalent to constitutional amendments.
Coelho IR, Larangeira A, Moraes SDTA, Messetti PAS, Silva AP. Democratic formation of the 1988 constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CRFB/1988). J Hum Growth Dev. 2023; 33(1):129-138. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v33.13823, accessed by 30 July of 2023.
The aforementioned agreement was examined in the preceding chapter in conjunction with the American Convention, both of which were approved by the nation of Brazil.
Coelho IR, Larangeira A, Moraes SDTA, Messetti PAS, Silva AP. Democratic formation of the 1988 constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CRFB/1988). J Hum Growth Dev. 2023; 33(1):129-138. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v33.13823, accessed 27 July of 2023.
Osborne, Thomas. Moderation as Government: Montesquieu and the divisibility of Power [2023]. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10848770.2023.2172780?needAccess=true&role=button, accessed by 30 July of 2023.
History of Brazilian Constitutional Law: the 1824 Constitution of the Empire of Brazil and the Private Slavery System. https://doi.org/10.5007/2177-7055.2018v39n78p11, accessed by 30 July of 2023.
Osborne, Thomas. Moderation as Government: Montesquieu and the divisibility of Power [2023]. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10848770.2023.2172780?needAccess=true&role=button, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Ibid.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [2010], 3rd Edition. Article 49, item V and article 55. https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Ibid. article 112.
Osborne, Thomas. Moderation as Government: Montesquieu and the divisibility of Power [2023]. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epdf/10.1080/10848770.2023.2172780?needAccess=true&role=button, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Ibid.
Coelho IR, Larangeira A, Moraes SDTA, Messetti PAS, Silva AP. Democratic formation of the 1988 constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil (CRFB/1988). J Hum Growth Dev. 2023; 33(1):129-138. https://doi.org/10.36311/jhgd.v33.13823, accessed 31 July of 2023.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [2010], 3rd Edition. Article 5, item Iv. https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Canela, G. (2007). Freedom of Expression. Brazilian Journalism Research, 3(1), 55–80. https://doi.org/10.25200/BJR.v3n1.2007.102, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Chapter 2. Item 2.1 of this research.
This topic will be discussed in more depth later in this chapter.
Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil [2010], 3rd Edition. Article 5, item Iv. https://www.globalhealthrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Brazil-constitution-English.pdf, accessed by 31 July of 2023.
Ibid. “article 220. the manifestation of thought, the creation, the expression and the information, in any form, process or medium shall not be subject to any restriction, with due regard to the provisions of this constitution. Paragraph 1. No law shall contain any provision which may represent a hindrance to full freedom of press in any medium of social communication, with due regard to the provisions of article 5, IV, V, X, XIII and XIV”.
Ibid. “Paragraph 2. any and all censorship of a political, ideological and artistic nature is forbidden”.
International Jurisprudence. American Convention on Human Rights Annotated with the jurisprudence of the STF and the Inter-American Court. https://portal.stf.jus.br/textos/verTexto.asp?servico=jurisprudenciaInternacional, accessed by 1 August of 2023.
It is of utmost significance to acknowledge that the Federal Supreme Court in Brazil functions as a judicial body of the utmost authority, entrusted with the duty of safeguarding the Federal Constitution, as explicitly delineated in Article 102 of Federal Constitution of Brazil. https://portal.stf.jus.br/textos/verTexto.asp?servico=sobreStfConhecaStfInstitucional, accessed by 1 August of 2023.
Consolidated jurisprudence of the Federal Supreme Court https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/jurisprudenciaInternacional/anexo/Artigo13.pdf, accessed by 1 August of 2023.
STF. ADI 4.815, rel. min. Cármen Lúcia, P, j. 10-6-2015, DJE de 1º-2-2016. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=TP&docID=10162709, accessed by 1 August of 2023.
Jurisprudence of the Supreme Federal Court. https://www.stf.jus.br/arquivo/cms/jurisprudenciaInternacional/anexo/ConvenoAmericanasobreDireitosHumanos10.9.2018.pdf, accessed by 1 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg 13.
Ibid. Pg 13, last paragraph.
Chapter 2. Pg. 19 to 25.
Official website of National Federation of Journalists - FENAJ in the struggle for freedom and ethics in journalism. https://fenaj.org.br/fenaj/a-federacao/#:~:text=Criada%2020%20de%20setembro%20de,à%20informação%20ética%20e%20plural, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Official Government website. Truth Commission of the State of São Paulo - Rubens Paiva. https://www.al.sp.gov.br/comissoes/comissao-da-verdade/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
To have a comprehensive understanding of the Report generated by Fenaj, please refer to the link. Final Report of Amnesty Commission/Ministry of Justice for the National Truth Commission

of Journalists-FENAJ. https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/FENAJ-Relatório-Comissão-Verdade-Jornalistas-ANEXO-I.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2019 Report. Pg. 4 to 5. https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/relatorio_fenaj_2019.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 5. First paragraph.
Marina Verenicz, TJ-SP confirms Bolsonaro's conviction for offenses against Patricia Campos Mello [2022]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/justica/tj-sp-confirma-condenacao-de-bolsonaro-por-ofensas-contra-patricia-campos-mello/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Court of Justice is charged with standardising the application of Federal law across Brazil. It is in charge of the ultimate disposition of civil and criminal cases.
Patricia Toledo de Campos Mello v. Jair Messias Bolsonaro [2020], Process 1020260-77.2020.8.26.0100. 19th Civil Court. TJSP.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2019 Report. Pg. 6 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/relatorio_fenaj_2019.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 11.
Ibid. Pg 12. Second Paragraph.
Ibid. Pg. 22
BBC News, “Why Alexandre de Moraes revoked his own decision to censor the report”, [2019]. https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-47985379, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Decision by Minister Alexrandre de Moraes. Inquiry 4.781 Federal District [2019]. https://www.migalhas.com.br/arquivos/2019/4/art20190418-07.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2019 Report. Pg. 24 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/relatorio_fenaj_2019.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2020 Report. Pg. 4 to 6. https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/relatorio_fenaj_2020.pdfPg, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 7
Ibid. Pg. 7
Ibid. Pg. 35 to 36.
The word in question pertains to the phenomenon seen in Brazil when illicit funds are introduced into the financial system. Funds are allocated towards a shared business venture, and the outcome is deemed legal.
All offspring of the previous President Bolsonaro persist in occupying positions inside the public sector.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2020 Report. Pg. 37 to 38 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/relatorio_fenaj_2020.pdfPg, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2021 Report. Pg. 4 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FENAJ-Relatório-da-Violência-Contra-Jornalistas-e-Liberdade-de-Imprensa-2021-v2.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Third paragraph
Matheus Lara, “Media is Bolsonaro's target on Twitter every 3 days”. Exame [2019]. https://exame.com/brasil/midia-e-alvo-de-bolsonaro-no-twitter-a-cada-3-dias/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Thais Arbexda. CNN Brazil. “Will to fill your mouth with a beating,' says Bolsonaro to the journalist”, [2021]. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/vontade-de-encher-tua-boca-de-porrada-diz-bolsonaro-a-jornalista-apos-pergunt/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Carta Capital, “Asked about not wearing a mask, Bolsonaro tells reporter to shut up”, [2021]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/cartaexpressa/questionado-por-nao-usar-mascara-bolsonaro-manda-reporter-calar-a-boca/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2021 Report. Pg. 7 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/FENAJ-Relatório-da-Violência-Contra-Jornalistas-e-Liberdade-de-Imprensa-2021-v2.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 8
Ibid. Pg. 9
Rodrigo Baptista, “Journalists denounce increased attacks on the press during the Bolsonaro Government”, [2022]. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2022/06/15/jornalistas-denunciam-aumento-de-ataques-a-imprensa-durante-governo-bolsonaro, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. 14
Ibid. 13 and 14.
Ibid. Pg. 33
Ibid. Pg. 34. Right side, second paragraph.
Gil Alessi. “Cases of censorship of the press in Brazil expose a climate of ‘degradation of freedom’”, [2020]. https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2020-09-08/casos-de-censura-a-imprensa-no-brasil-expoem-clima-de-degradacao-da-liberdade.html, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2022 Report. Pg. 5 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/FENAJ-Relatório-2022.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Official Superior Electoral Court website. “Lula is again elected president of the Republic of Brazil”, [2022]. https://www.tse.jus.br/comunicacao/noticias/2022/Outubro/lula-e-eleito-novamente-presidente-da-republica-do-brasil, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
FENAJ - Violence Against Journalists and Freedom of the Press in Brazil 2022 Report. Pg. 5 https://fenaj.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/FENAJ-Relatório-2022.pdf, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 5, last paragraph.
Carta Capital. “Court confirms Bolsonaro's conviction for attacks on journalists”, [2023]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/justica/tribunal-confirma-condenacao-de-bolsonaro-por-ataques-a-jornalistas/, accessed by 4 August of 2023.
Official Ministry of Justice and Public Security website. “MJSP and Observatory of Violence against Journalists and Communicators meet for the first time”, [2023]. https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/mjsp-e-observatorio-da-violencia-contra-jornalistas-e-comunicadores-se-reunem-pela-primeira-vez, accessed by 6 August of 2023.
Based on the data provided by the Ministry of Justice, it has been indicated that the meetings are scheduled to occur on a bi-monthly basis. However, there is a lack of clarity on the manner in which the reports will be delivered and the accessibility of the meeting material for consultation.
Official Ministry of Justice and Public Security website. “Observatory of Violence against Journalists and Social Communicators closes new partnerships and will be composed of representatives of 15 civil society entities”, [2023]. https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/observatorio-da-violencia-contra-jornalistas-e-comunicadores-sociais-fecha-novas-parcerias-e-sera-composto-por-representantes-de-15-entidades-da-sociedade-civil, accessed by 6 August of 2023.
Official website of the Chamber of Deputies. “Computerized Legislation - LAW OF OCTOBER 20, 1823 - Original Publication”. https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/fed/lei_sn/anterioresa1824/lei-40951-20-outubro-1823-574564-publicacaooriginal-97677-pe.html, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Official Government website. Regulates Freedom of the Press. Law No. 2.083/1953. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l2083.htm, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Official Government website. It Regulates the Freedom of Expression of thought and information. Law No. 5.250/1967. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l5250.htm#:~:text=Regula%20a%20liberdade%20de%20manifestação%20do%20pensamento%20e%20de%20informação.&text=Art%20.,lei%2C%20pelos%20abusos%20que%20cometer, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Federal Supreme Court decision in full content. Argument of Breach of Fundamental Precept 130-7 Distrito Federal [2009]. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=605411, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Wimmer, Miriam and Pieranti, Octavio. The Right to Communicate in Brazil: Historical Development and Current Challenges [2008]. https://www.globalmediajournal.com/open-access/the-right-to-communicate-in-brazil-historical-development-and-current-challenges.php?aid=35267, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Official Government website. “The Constitution of January 24, 1967 and the State Constitutions are maintained; The President of the Republic may decree intervention in the states and municipalities, without the limitations provided for in the Constitution, suspend the political rights of any citizens for a period of 10 years and revoke federal, state and municipal elective mandates, and makes other measures”. Institutional Act No. 5 of 1968. https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/ait/ait-05-68.htm, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Federal Supreme Court decision in full content. Argument of Breach of Fundamental Precept 130-7 Distrito Federal [2009]. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=605411, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Brazilian Bar Association. "Laws that hinder the lives of citizens", [2010]. https://www.oab.org.br/noticia/19216/leis-que-atrapalham-a-vida-dos-cidadaos, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Federal Supreme Court decision in full content. Argument of Breach of Fundamental Precept 130-7 Distrito Federal [2009].Pg. 15 to 20. https://redir.stf.jus.br/paginadorpub/paginador.jsp?docTP=AC&docID=605411, accessed by 7 August of 2023.
Ibid. Pg. 85 to 92.
Ibid. Pg. 93 to 94.
Ibid. Pg. 333 to 334.
Saad-Filho, A. (2013). Mass Protests under ‘Left Neoliberalism’: Brazil, June-July 2013. Critical Sociology, 39(5), 657–669 https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920513501906, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Ibid.
It is noteworthy to notice that the newspapers "O Globo" and "Folha" were the primary sources that extensively covered the term "impeachment" and published the biggest number of editions on the topic, so indicating their support to the impeachment. https://www.observatoriodaimprensa.com.br/jornal-de-debates/jornais-apoiam-o-impeachment-de-dilma/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
de Albuquerque, A. (2019). Protecting democracy or conspiring against it? Media and politics in Latin America: A glimpse from Brazil. Journalism, 20(7), 906–923. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884917738376, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Fernando Antonio Azevedo. Media and democracy in Brazil: relations between the media system and the political system. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-62762006000100004, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Dassin, J. R. (1984). The Brazilian Press and the Politics of Abertura. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 26(3), 385–414. https://doi.org/10.2307/165675, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Ivana Bentes. “Brazilian media built novelized narrative of impeachment”, [2016]. https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2016/09/02/midia-brasileira-construiu-narrativa-novelizada-do-impeachment, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Carta Capital. “In the year, Dilma 'c caught' 16 times more than Aécio in Jornal Nacional”, [2014]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/midiatico/no-ano-dilma-apanhou-16-vezes-mais-que-aecio-no-jornal-nacional-5188/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Carta Capital. “The editorials and the construction of legitimacy of the coup”, [2016]. https://www.cartacapital.com.br/blogs/intervozes/os-editoriais-e-a-construcao-de-legitimidade-do-golpe/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Rodrigues, T.M. (2018). The Role of the Media in the Processes of Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff(2016) and Michel Temer(2017). Contracampo - Brazilian Journal of Communication, 37 (2), pp. 36-57. https://www.academia.edu/38001810/The_role_of_the_media_in_the_impeachment_processes_of_Dilma_Rousseff_2016_and_Michel_Temer_2017_, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
O Globo. “Tax pedals fired in the Dilma government”, [2016]. https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/pedaladas-fiscais-dispararam-no-governo-dilma-19033539, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Gerson Camarotti. O Globo. "Dilma's management was already unfeasible due to lack of governability", [2016]. https://g1.globo.com/politica/blog/blog-do-camarotti/post/gestao-dilma-ja-estava-inviabilizada-por-falta-de-governabilidade.html, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Felipe Matoso. O Globo. "Dilma calls for dialogue with Congress to contain impeachment, says leader", [2016]. https://g1.globo.com/politica/processo-de-impeachment-de-dilma/noticia/2016/03/dilma-pede-dialogo-no-congresso-para-conter-impeachment-diz-lider.html, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
O Globo. "What is the 2016 coup?", [2016]. https://oglobo.globo.com/opiniao/o-que-vem-ser-golpe-de-2016-20021641, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Oliveira, H. M. G. de. (2016). Retrato das manifestações de rua no processo de impeachment da presidenta Dilma Rousseff: a construção da opinião pública pela mídia privada brasileira. Pauta Geral - Estudos Em Jornalismo, 3(2), 83–96. Recuperado de https://revistas.uepg.br/index.php/pauta/article/view/9369, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
van Dijk, T. A. (2017). How Globo media manipulated the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691838, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
van Dijk, T. A. (2017). How Globo media manipulated the impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff. Discourse & Communication, 11(2), 199–229. https://doi.org/10.1177/1750481317691838, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Maria Isabel Galvão of France. Free Expression of Hate: The hatred reverberates under the aegis of freedom of expression, [2022]. https://www.rchunitau.com.br/index.php/rch/article/view/739/449, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
Paulo Gerson Olinto. Fake news and the process of impeachment of Dilma Rousseff: an analysis of fake news posted by the website ''Pensa Brasil'', [2018]. https://periodicos.ufpb.br/index.php/tematica/article/view/42954/21395, accessed by 13 August of 2023.
See Chapter 3.
Caio Zinet. “What is the legacy of the civil-military dictatorship in Brazilian basic education?”, [2016]. https://educacaointegral.org.br/reportagens/ditadura-legou-educacao-precarizada-privatizada-anti-democratica/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Ibid.
Ibid.
FENAJ. “Fenaj receives report on journalists persecuted in the dictatorship”, [2014]. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2014-11/fenaj-recebe-relatorio-sobre-jornalistas-perseguidos-na-ditadura, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Reporters without Borders. "Brazil quarterly analysis: media face censorship on multiple fronts", [2022]. https://rsf.org/en/brazil-quarterly-analysis-media-face-censorship-multiple-fronts, accessed 9 August of 2023.
Paulista State University newspaper. "“The extreme right groups are losing the modesty of using violence”, [2023]. https://jornal.unesp.br/2023/01/11/os-grupos-de-extrema-direita-estao-perdendo-o-pudor-de-usarem-a-violencia/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Schucht, Lucas. “‘Brazil above Everything, God above Everyone’. An Intersectional Analysis of Narratives from the 2018 Presidential Campaign of Jair Bolsonaro in Brazil.” MA Thesis, 2020. https://www.academia.edu/44010947/_Brazil_above_Everything_God_above_Everyone_An_Intersectional_Analysis_of_Narratives_from_the_2018_Presidential_Campaign_of_Jair_Bolsonaro_in_Brazil, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Sinara Peixoto from CNN Brazil. "Timeline: the escalation of tension between the Supreme Court and Bolsonaro in a month", [2021]. https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/politica/linha-do-tempo-a-escalada-da-tensao-entre-stf-e-bolsonaro-em-um-mes/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Tom Phillips from The Guardian. "Brazilians fear return to dictatorship as 'deranged' Bolsonaro trails in polls", [2022]. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/aug/09/brazil-election-bolsonaro-dictatorship-democracy, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
See chapter 3.
Ian Bremmer from Time. "The Attack on Brazil's Democracy Is Not Over", [2023]. https://time.com/6247239/brazil-democracy-under-attack/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Josep Borrell, High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy / Vice-President of the European Commission. "After the new attack on democracy in Brasilia, what should we do?", [2023]. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/after-new-attack-democracy-brasilia-what-should-we-do_en, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Tom Phillips from The Guardian. "Brazil protests: Lula vows to punish 'neo-fascists' after Bolsonaro supporters storm congress", [2023]. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/08/jair-bolsonaro-supporters-storm-brazils-presidential-palace-and-supreme-court, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
Flora Charner from CNN World. "Bolsonaro supporters break into Brazilian Congress and presidential palace", [2023]. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/01/08/americas/brazil-bolsonaro-supporters-breach-congress/index.html, accessed by 9 August of 2023.
See Chapter 3.
Juan Cabello Arribas. "Fragility of Democratic Utopias", [2023]. https://www.ie.edu/insights/articles/brasilia-2023-the-fragility-of-democratic-utopias/, accessed by 9 August of 2023.

List of Abbreviations

ADC - Direct Action of Constitutionality
ADI - Indirect Action of Constitutionality
ADPF - Action for Breach of Fundamental Precept
CPJ – Committee to Protect Journalists
CULT- Culture and Education
CF – Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil
EU law – European Union Law
ECHR – European Convention on Human Rights
FENAJ – National Federation of Journalists
IACHR – Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
ICCPR – International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)
OHCHR – Office of the High Commissioner (United Nations Human Rights)
OAS – Organisation of American States
OSCE – Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe
MCOM – Ministry of Communication of Brazil
MEC – Ministry of Culture of Brazil
STF – Supreme Federal Court of Brazil
TSE – Superior Electoral Court
UN – United Nations
UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UDHR – Universal Declaration of Human Rights
UK – United Kingdom

Abstract: The primary aim of this study was to examine the impact of media restriction on the erosion of democratic principles in Brazil, with a particular focus on the preceding decade. The suspension of freedom of expression occurred under the two dictatorships in Brazil. The Press Law, which was enacted during the period of military dictatorship, remained in effect until its repeal in 2009 via the legal mechanism of ADPF 130. Moreover, the implementation of Human Rights in Brazil commenced subsequent to the enactment of the Federal Constitution of 1988. This constitutional document guaranteed various rights deemed essential, such as freedom of expression, freedom of the press, freedom of thought, as well as the prohibition of torture and censorship. Brazil has ratified various Human Rights documents, such as the American Convention on Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and has committed to adhering to and upholding the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These actions are supported by a robust and forward-thinking Constitution. In this study, the historical and monographic approach was used to examine the phenomenon of censorship throughout the development of the press in Brazil. A comprehensive survey was conducted to gather relevant data. Additionally, the comparative technique was utilised to analyse the existing laws in relation to past legal frameworks and the Federal Constitution. In order to do this, bibliographical and documental research methodologies were used. The research was structured into five distinct sections. The first chapter served as an introduction, providing an overview of the topic. The subsequent chapter focused on international instruments relevant to the subject matter. The third chapter delved into domestic legislation and the Brazilian legal system, exploring their implications. The fourth chapter examined the relationship between freedom of expression and democracy specifically within the context of Brazil. Lastly, the fifth part included the conclusion and suggestions derived from the study. Ultimately, it was determined that the actualization of press freedom is not contingent upon the presence or absence of regulation. However, it was observed that the absence of regulation might potentially result in censorship, particularly in the context of authoritarian regimes like that of former President Bolsonaro.

Key-Words: Freedom of expression; Democracy; Dictatorship; Censorship; International Instruments.