Notas

1. "... O movimento bancário/financeiro islâmico moderno foi profundamente influenciado pelos movimentos islâmicos contemporâneos."7

2. Assim, quando "moedas de metais básicos foram introduzidas pela primeira vez no mundo islâmico, nenhum jurista jamais pensou que pagar uma dívida em um número maior de unidades desse dinheiro fiduciário era riba", pois estavam preocupados com "o valor real do dinheiro."29

3. ou seja, M.P. Bhindara, um dos MNA não muçulmanos – Membro da Assembleia Nacional do Paquistão – representando seu grupo religioso minoritário – neste caso os hindus – em vez de um distrito eleitoral.

4. o partido Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal (MMA)

5. 1 Dinar durante a era de Muhammad era aproximadamente 12 Dirhams.49

6. De acordo com Ibn Sa'd, a dívida de al-Zubayr é de 1.200.000 Dinares.51

7. "Pelo menos de acordo com a lei bancária do Kuwait, 'o ponto de partida nesta fórmula' do sistema bancário islâmico 'é a prática financeira convencional, da qual as finanças islâmicas se desviam apenas na medida em que algumas práticas convencionais são consideradas proibidas pela Sharia.' ... As finanças islâmicas 'não são construídas construtivamente a partir da jurisprudência clássica'. Em vez disso, alternativas islâmicas ou modificações de práticas convencionais são buscadas sempre que estas últimas são consideradas proibidas. ... Ibn Taymiyya declarou que duas proibições podem explicar todas as distinções entre contratos que são considerados válidos ou inválidos: os de riba e gharar."109

8. veja também Hubar Hasan112

9. O convertido Umar Ibrahim Vadillo afirma: "Nos últimos cem anos, o caminho dos reformadores islâmicos nos levou aos bancos islâmicos, seguros islâmicos, democracia islâmica, cartões de crédito islâmicos, secularismo islâmico, etc. Este caminho está morto. Ele mostrou sua face de hipocrisia e levou o mundo muçulmano a um lugar de docilidade servil ao mundo do capitalismo."122 De acordo com o crítico Feisal Khan "houve, portanto, duas grandes categorias de críticos da versão atual do IBF [Bancos e Finanças Islâmicos]: a posição islâmica modernista/minimalista e a posição islâmica ultraortodoxa/maximalista. ... Os ultraortodoxos [como os tribunais islâmicos no Paquistão] ... concordam com a crítica modernista/minimalista de que o sistema bancário islâmico contemporâneo não passa de um sistema bancário convencional disfarçado, mas ... agitam por um sistema bancário e financeiro verdadeiramente islâmico".123

10. Vencedor do Prêmio BID de 1997 em Bancos Islâmicos.

11. Vários ahadith, além de proibirem jogos de azar, proíbem bayu al-gharar (literalmente "negociação de risco",130 definido como vendas nas quais gharar é o principal componente).131 Juristas distinguiram entre esse tipo de gharar e ghasar considerado menor (yasir) e, portanto, permitido (halal),131 mas discordam sobre o que constitui gharar que é menor e gharar que é substancial (pelo menos de acordo com uma fonte, Abu Umar Faruq Ahmad),132 não concordaram com uma definição exata do significado e conceito de gharar.133

12. Monzer Kahf argumenta que o verso corânico (em 2:275) onde os não-muçulmanos reclamam – "... eles dizem: 'O comércio é [exatamente] como os juros.' Mas Allah permitiu o comércio e proibiu os juros" – refere-se às vendas a crédito.142

13. Taqi Usmani explica que em tais transações "o preço total ... é contra uma mercadoria e não contra o dinheiro" e então "... uma vez que o preço é fixado, ele se relaciona com a mercadoria, e não com o tempo". Consequentemente "o preço permanecerá o mesmo e nunca poderá ser aumentado pelo vendedor". Se o preço tivesse "sido contra o tempo", (o que é proibido) "poderia ter sido aumentado, se o vendedor permitisse ... mais tempo" para o pagamento quando a conta estivesse vencida.144

14. "De fato, as regulamentações de verdade nos empréstimos nos Estados Unidos forçam os financiadores islâmicos e convencionais a relatar as taxas de juros implícitas que cobram de seus clientes em tais acordos de financiamento."150 151

15. "Outra conquista do sistema bancário islâmico pode ser avaliada pelo fato de que muitos bancos convencionais também começaram a usar técnicas bancárias islâmicas na condução de seus negócios, particularmente ao lidar com clientes muçulmanos ou em regiões predominantemente muçulmanas."191 192

16. De acordo com a Oxford-Analytica, a partir de 2010, os padrões da AAOIFI são obrigatórios para instituições financeiras islâmicas no Bahrein, no Centro Financeiro Internacional de Dubai, na Jordânia, no Sudão, na Síria e no Catar227

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LIVROS E ARTIGOS DE PERIÓDICOS

• Abras, A., & Al Mahameed, M. (2022). The Rise and Fall of Institutional Entrepreneurship in Islamic Financial Reporting Standardisation Projects. Accounting Forum. https://doi.org/10.1080/01559982.2022.2051684

• Aḥmad, Maḥmūd (1958). Economics of Islam: A Comparative Study. Ashraf.

• al Bushi, Abdullah bin Mubarak (2019). Ensiklopedi Ijma' Syaikhul Islam Ibnu Taimiyah. Darul Falah. ISBN 9786029208078. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Alharbi, A. T. (2017). "Determinants of Islamic banks' profitability: international evidence". International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management. 10/3: 331–350. doi:10.1108/IMEFM-12-2015-0161. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Farooq, Mohammad Omar (Set. de 2009). "The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Reexamination of the Traditional Arguments". Global Journal of Finance and Economics. 6/2: 99–111. SSRN 1579324.

• Farooq, Muhammad Omar (Nov. de 2005). "The Riba-Interest Equation and Islam: Reexamination of the Traditional Arguments" (Draft). Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• el-Gamal, Mahmoud A. (2006). Islamic Finance : Law, Economics, and Practice (PDF). New York: Cambridge. ISBN 9780521864145. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Irfan, Harris (2015). Heaven's Bankers: Inside the Hidden World of Islamic Finance. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 9781472105066. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Jamaldeen, Faleel (2012). Islamic Finance For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118233900. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Karim, Nimrah; Tarazi, Michael; Reilli, Zavier (Ago. de 2008). "Islamic microfinance: An emerging market niche" (PDF). CGAP Focus Notes. 49. Consultative Group to Assist the Poor: 1.

• Kepel, Gilles (2002). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674010901.

• Khan, Feisal (22 de dez. de 2015). Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic. Routledge. ISBN 9781317366539. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Khan, Muhammad Akram (2013). What Is Wrong with Islamic Economics?: Analysing the Present State and Future Agenda. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781782544159. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Rothbard, Murray N. (1995). An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Volume I (Economic Thought Before Adam Smith) (PDF). Auburn, Alabama: Ludwig von Mises Institute. ISBN 978-0-945466-48-2.

• Roy, Olivier (1994). The Failure of Political Islam. Harvard University Press. pp. 132–47. ISBN 9780674291416.

• Ibn Sa'd, Muhammad (2013). Kitab At-Tabaqat Al-Kabir Volume III: The Companions of Badr. Traduzido por Aisha Bewley. Ta-ha publisher. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-84200-133-2. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Saeed, A.; Salah, O. (2014) [2013]. "Development of Sukuk: Pragmatic and Idealist Approaches to Sukuk Structures" (PDF). Journal of International Banking Law and Regulation 1: 41–52. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Sairally, Salma (2007). "Evaluating the 'social responsibility' of Islamic finance: Learning from the experiences of socially responsible investment funds" (PDF). In Munawar Iqbal; Salman Syed Ali; Dadang Muljawan (eds.). Advances in Islamic economics and finance: Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance. Vol. 1. Jeddah: Islamic Research and Training Institute, Islamic Development Bank. pp. 279–320. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• State of the Global Islamic Economy Report 2015/16 (PDF). Thomson Reuters & Dinar Standard. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Tarmizi, Erwandi (2017). Haram Wealth in Contemporary Muamalah (Ed. Inglesa). Indonesia: PT Erwandi Tarmizi Konsultan. ISBN 9786021974209. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Usmani, Muhammad Taqi (Dez. de 1999). The Historic Judgment on Interest Delivered in the Supreme Court of Pakistan (PDF). Karachi, Pakistan: albalagh.net.

• Usmani, Taqi (1998). An Introduction to Islamic Finance (PDF). Kazakhstan. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Visser, Hans (2009). Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. ISBN 9781848449473. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Visser, Hans (2013). Islamic Finance: Principles and Practice (Segunda ed.). Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781781001745. Acesso em: 13 de nov. de 2024.

• Warde, Ibrahim (2010) [2000]. Islamic finance in the global economy. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748627769.

LINKS EXTERNOS

• Understanding Islamic Finance