5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Os países BRIC, deram-se súbita conta de sua importância e similaridade, como que acordados por um observador externo.
É triste que não haja ainda unanimidade entre os países em relação a diversas convenções internacionais importantes para o comércio. Felizmente, todos os países do bloco mostram-se receptivos à arbitragem, o que é uma maneira de contornar esse empecilho. Nesse sentido, pode-se dizer que os empresários possuem uma opção segura e confiável para solucionar conflitos em seus contratos.
Aos advogados e empresários, cabe atentar para as vozes pioneiras que exploram meios de viabilizar, com as ferramentas já existentes, um nível mais alto de integração.
Dentre elas destaca-se o professor Dr. João Baptista Villela, que contribuiu para a elaboração dos princípios UNIDROIT, além de ter traduzido o texto final para o português. (deixo de mencionar aqui inúmeras outras contribuições que este emérito jurista legou ao desenvolvimento do Direito Privado). O Prof. Villela defende que os princípios UNIDROIT devem ser utilizados pelos juízes de todo o mundo como verdadeiros princípios gerais do Direito. A só difusão desta doutrina facilitaria enormemente a relação jurídica entre os países do BRIC.
Mencione-se o nome do Professor Bruno Wanderley, Doutor da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais - UFMG e incentivador do estudo dos Contratos Internacionais. Também cito o Grupo de Estudos do Direito do Comércio Internacional – GEDICI, ligado à UFMG e do qual tenho o orgulho de ser membro fundador. Este grupo tem produzido trabalhos notáveis na área de arbitragem internacional.
Por fim, é preciso aproveitar o momentum dos recentes acordos de cooperação e das declarações conjuntas emitidas pelo BRICS para reparar a ainda precária infra-estrutura jurídica que rege a relação entre eles, buscando aprimorá-la. Assim, tornar-se-iam mais fluidas as relações entre os membros deste bloco econômico tão promissor.
REFERÊNCIAS
DHOLAKIA, Shishir. Ratifying the CISG - India's Options. Presented in "Celebrating Success: 25 Years United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods" (Collation of Papers at Uncitral - Siac Conference 22-23 September 2005, Singapore). <http://www.cisg.law. pace.edu/cisg/biblio/dholakia.html>
FLECHTNER, Harry. The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods. Online lecture at UN Audiovisual Library of International Law. <http://untreaty.un. org/cod/avl/lectureseries. html>
GAMA JR., Lauro. A hora e a vez da Convenção de Viena. Jornal Valor Econômico, 22.09.2009. <http://cisg brasil.dominiotempor ario.com/doc/lgama1.htm>
MAHAJAN, Ruchi; MOHAN, Jai. Proposed amendments to arbitration law in India: implications and effect. The In-House Lawyer, 10.06.2010. http://www.inhouselawyer.co.uk/ index.php/india/8046-proposed-amendments-to-arbitration-law-in-india-implications-and-effect
MAJUMDAR, Indraneel Basu; JHA, Srishti. A Comparative Overview between the CISG and Indian Contract Law. 5 Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration (2001), pp. 185-211. http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/majumdar.html
ZELLER, Bruno. CISG and China. In.: WILL, Michael R. (ed.). The CISG and China: Dialog Deutschland-Schweiz VII, Faculté de droit, Université de Genève, 1999, pp. 7-22. <http://www. cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/ zeller.html#N_1_?>
Notas
- Goldman Sachs, Dreaming with BRICs: The Path to 2050, outubro de 2003. Goldman Sachs, How Solid are the BRICs, dezembro de 2005. Disponíveis em: <http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/index.html>.
- Status da convenção no site da UNCITRAL: <http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods/19 80CISG_status.html>.
- Peter Schlechtriem; Requirements of Application and Sphere of Applicability of the CISG; Victoria University of Wellington Law Review (2005/4) 781-794.
- 7 Parte II – Formação do Contrato (art. 14).
- 8 Parte III, Capítulos II e III – Obrigações do Vendedor e do Comprador (arts. 30 e 53, respectivamente).
- 9 Parte III, Capítulo V, Seção II – Perdas e Danos (art. 74).
- 10 Parte III, Capítulo V, Seção IV – Exclusão de responsabilidade (art. 79).
- 11 Como as disposições sobre a transferência do risco e a obrigação pela qualidade dos bens vendidos.
- 12 Disponível em http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/arbitration/NYConvention.html
- 13 The Convention is widely recognized as a foundation instrument of international arbitration and requires courts of contracting States to give effect to an agreement to arbitrate when seized of an action in a matter covered by an arbitration agreement and also to recognize and enforce awards made in other States, subject to specific limited exceptions. The Convention entered into force on 7 June 1959.
- Requirements of Application and Sphere of Applicability of the CISG; Victoria University of Wellington Law Review (2005/4), pg. 781-794, Peter Schlechtriem.
- (1) Esta Convenção aplica-se aos contratos de compra e venda de mercadorias entre partes que tenham seus estabelecimentos em Estados distintos:
- According to the Russian conflict of law rules the parties to a contract, when one party is a foreign entity, may choose the law applicable to their rights and duties under that contract including sale agreements provided that such a choice does not affect the operation of mandatory rules of the country with which the contract is actually related. In the absence of an agreement between the parties on the applicable law, the law of the country with which the contract is most closely connected shall apply to the contract. Generally, the law of the country with which the contract is most closely related shall be considered the law of the country in which the party performing execution of crucial importance for the contract has its place of residence or main place of activity (the seller in the sale and purchase transaction, the lender in a loan agreement, financial agent in a contract of financing against assignment of a monetary claim etc.). Artigo disponível em http://www.mondaq.com/article.asp?articleid=59722.
- Under Clause 166 of Fundamentals, the parties to the construction contract are free to choose the governing law for their contract. However, absent the express agreement of the parties, the governing law will be that of the country where the works are being constructed (the project country).This corresponds to the customary practice of selecting the law of the project country as the governing law of contract. Artigo disponível em http://www.friends-partners.org/partners/fplegal/jrlaw/Russian_FIDIC.htm.
- In the circumstances, parties entering into contracts with Indian companies enforceable under a foreign law must note that if an action is brought under such contract in an Indian court, foreign law will have to be pleaded like an ordinary fact and proved by experts. Further, parties cannot, by agreement, confer jurisdiction on a court which does not have any jurisdiction over the subject matter. (Patel Roadways v. Prasad Trading Company, AIR 1992 SC 1514). Moreover, in order to select one out of two courts by an agreement, both the courts must have jurisdiction, and the agreement should be clear and unambiguous as regards the forum selection clause. Artigo disponível em: http://www.majmudarindia.com/pdf/Validity%20of%20choice%20of%20law%20and%20forum%20selection%20clauses.pdf
- Artigo 4(a).
- Conforme informações do site: http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/countries/cntries.html
- O artigo 227 do Código Civil Brasileiro, por exemplo, limita a possibilidade de produção de prova exclusivamente testemunhal a negócios jurídicos cujo valor não ultrapasse o décuplo do maior salário mínimo vigente no país, cálculo que equivale hoje a cerca de apenas USD2,830.00.
- Section 3, Indian contract Act, 1872 -
Communication, acceptance and revocation of proposals. The
communication of proposals the acceptance of proposals, and the revocation of proposals and acceptances, respectively, are deemed to be made by any act or omission of_ the party proposing, accepting or revoking by which he intends to communicate such proposal acceptance or revocation, or which. has the effect of communicating it. - A versão traduzida da Lei de Arbitragem da China encontra-se no blog do autor: <http://adlerweb.blogspot.com/2007/10/ lei-chinesa-de-arbitragem.html>.
- Implantado por uma Interpretação da Suprema Corte do Povo da China, o órgão máximo de seu poder judiciário. Suas interpretações são semelhantes às súmulas dos tribunais superiores brasileiros, e têm a função de guiar os juízes na interpretação da lei.
- To attract the confidence of International Mercantile community and the growing volume of India’s trade and commercial relationship with the rest of the world after the new liberalization policy of the Government, Indian Parliament was persuaded to enact the Arbitration & Conciliation Act of 1996 in UNCITRAL model and therefore in interpreting any provisions of the 1996 Act Courts must not ignore the objects and purpose of the enactment of 1996. A bare comparison of different provisions of the Arbitration Act of 1940 with the provisions of Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996 would unequivocally indicate that 1996 Act limits intervention of Court with an arbitral process to the minimum.
- 47. Evidence. - (1) The party applying for the enforcement of a foreign award shall, at the time of the application, produce before the court (a) the original award or a copy thereof, duly authenticated in the manner required by the law of the country in which it was made; (b) the original agreement for arbitration or a duly certified copy thereof; and (c) such evidence as may be necessary to prove that the award is a foreign award.
- Article 1 - Scope of Application
- Artigo disponível em http://meetings.abanet.org/webupload/commupload/IC855000 /relatedresources/EnforcingArbitrationAwardsinRussiaandUkraineCLEMaterials.pdf
- Enforcement of Arbitration Awards in Russia and Ukraine: Dream or Reality? ABA. Disponível em http://meetings.abanet.org/webupload/commupload/IC855000/relatedresources/EnforcingArbitrationAwardsinRussiaandUkraineCLEMaterials.pdf
- Conforme o artigo: Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards in Russia: Improving, But Still Uncertain. C.M. Baker, J. Sutcliffe, K. Wilson e K.H. Romman, Disponível em www.ogel.org.
- www.camarb.com.br
- A Rússia, em especial, reconheceu a possibilidade de homologar sentenças de outros países não-partes, desde que houvesse tratamento recíproco.
a)quando tais Estados forem Estados Contratantes;
1.The present Law applies to international commercial arbitration if the place of arbitration is in the territory of the Russian Federation. However, the provisions of Articles 8, 9, 35 and 36 apply also if the place of arbitration is abroad.
2.Pursuant to an agreement of the parties, the following may be referred to international commercial arbitration:
disputes resulting from contractual and other civil law relationships arising in the course of foreign trade and other forms of international economic relations, provided that the place of business of at least one of the parties is situated abroad; as well as
disputes arising between enterprises with foreign investment, international associations and organizations established in the territory of the Russian Federation; disputes between the participants of such entities; as well as disputes between such entities and other subjects of the Russian Federation law.
