Brazilian continental shelf expansion.

4 CONCLUSION

From the information gathered during this research, there is no doubt about the importance to Brazil of the recognition of its CS extension.

Internally the expansion represents the consolidation of the Blue Amazon, a reserve of mega-biodiversity and a wealth of economic goods, which is set in the strategic planning of national development.

Externally the widening shows to the international community respect for international law and the importance of ratification of the UNCLOS by all states, as this represents a qualitative leap forward from the territorial approach that countries faced regarding the ocean waters in the recent past.

Because of the complexity of the studies required and because of the number of states that have submitted claims for extension of their continental shelves, it would be worthwhile for more human resources be allocated to the CLCS.

Finally, the data collection from a few explored areas resolves maritime border conflicts and helps environmental conservation, but also produces information

relevant to fishing, mining, and petroleum E&P.

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec 10, 1982, at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf (entered into force 16 Nov. 1994).

National Legislation

Decree 98.145/1989, Presidency of the Republic (published in the Official Gazette of the Union on September 18, 1989)

Decree 5.129/2004, Presidency of the Republic (published in the Official Gazette of the Union on July 7, 2004).

Decree 5.377/2005, Presidency of the Republic (published in the Official Gazette of the Union on February 24, 2005).

Federal Constitution, National Congress (published in the Official Gazette of the Union on October 05, 1988).

Bittencourt, A., A Importância do Mar na História do Brasil(Brazil, Brasília: Ministério da Educação, 2006).

Chaves, P., O Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro (Brazil, Brasília: Ministério da Educação, 2005).

Churchill, R. and Lowe, A., The law of the sea 3^rd ed. (United Kingdom, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999).

Articles

Macnab, R. and Parson, L., Continental Shelf Submissions: The Record to Date, in 21 Int'l J. Marine & Coastal L. 309 2006.

McGinley, M., (Topic Editor) North Brazil Shelf large marine ecosystem, Encyclopedia of Earth. Eds. Cutler J. Cleveland (Washington, D.C.: Environmental Information Coalition, National Council for Science and the Environment). [First published in the Encyclopedia of Earth May 8, 2008; Last revised November 18, 2008; Retrieved January 18, 2010].

<http://www.eoearth.org/article/North_Brazil_Shelf_large_marine_ecosystem>

Souza, J., The Continental Shelf of Brazil: Going Beyond the 200 Nautical Miles. <http://www.info.lncc.br/brshelf.html>

Torres, L. and Ferreira, H. Amazônia Azul: a última fronteira brasileira no mar in Passadiço CAAML, Vol. 2005. < https://www.mar.mil.br/caaml/arquivos/amazoniaazul.pdf>

Brazilian Navy - Centre of Social Communication, The Blue Amazon, at https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/amazonia_azul/amazonia_azul.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010)

Costa, N., Riquezas minerais da 'Amazônia Azul' devem ser exploradas at http://www.alerta.inf.br/Geral/1293.html (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).

Gardline Marine Sciences, About Us at http://www.gardlinemarinesciences.com/page/about-us/ (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).

Juaçaba, G., Marinha do Brasil: visão global de sua atuação na Amazônia Azul e no Programa Antártico Brasileiro at http://www.senado.gov.br/sf/senado/frenteproantar/docs/Visão%20global%20de%20sua%20atuação%20na%20Amazônia%20Azul%20e%20no%20Programa%20Antártico%20Brasileiro.pps (last visited on January 10^th, 2010)

Rollemberg, R., Speech: Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira, 04 Jun. 2009 at http://www.rollemberg.com.br/mandato/discursos/levantamento-da-plataforma-continental-brasileira (last visited on January 10^th, 2010)

Serra, C., Plano de Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira. at https://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/leplac.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).

Waggoner, J., Brazil's presalt hydrocarbons top Latin American plays. at http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnl92498.htm (last visitedon November 22th, 2009).

Newspaper and Magazine Articles

Forero, J., Brazil girds for massive offshore oil extraction, The Washington Post, 7 December 2009.

Meeting Annals

Addendum to the Executive Summary dated 17 May 2004, The Brazilian submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf pursuant to article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, CLCS-UN 1 February 2006 at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/bra04/bra_add_executive_summary.pdf

CLCS. The Deputy Representative of The United States of America to The United Nations, 25 Oct. 2004. available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS. 02.2004. Add.1 LOS (Continental Shelf Notification) 1 March 2006. available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS.02.2004 LOS/USA 9 September 2004. available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

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CLCS/42, Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 14^th Session, available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS/44, Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 15^th Session available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS/46, Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 16^th Session available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS/54 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 19^th Session available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS/60 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 22^nd Session available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

CLCS/62 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 23^rd Session available at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm

Notas

1. Bittencourt, A., A Importância do Mar na História do Brasil11 (1^st ed. 2006).
2. Art. 225 § 4, Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil, at http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituiçao.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
3. Carvalho, R., No Mar, Nossa Última Fronteira in O Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro 255 (Chaves, P., 1^st ed. 2005).
4. Bittencourt, op. cit., 10.
5. See id., 11.
6. Juaçaba, G., Marinha do Brasil: visão global de sua atuação na Amazônia Azul e no Programa Antártico Brasileiro at http://www.senado.gov.br/frenteproantar/docs/Visão%20global%20de%20sua%20atuação%20na%20Amazônia%20Azul%20e%20no%20Programa%20Antártico%20Brasileiro.pps (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
7. Art. 20, V, Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil, op. cit.
8. Art. 56, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Dec 10, 1982, at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf (entered into force 16 Nov. 1994) [hereinafter, UNCLOS].
9. Bittencourt, op. cit., 180.
10. Art. 77 – 81, UNCLOS.
11. Churchill, R. and Lowe, A., The law of the sea 156 (3^rd ed. 1999).
12. Art. 82, UNCLOS.
13. Hazin, F., Perez, J. and Travassos, P., Nossas Riquezas no Mar – Recursos Vivos in O Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro 143 (Chaves, P., 1^st ed. 2005).
14. McGinley, M., North Brazil Shelf large marine ecosystem. Encyclopedia of Earth (2008).
15. Silva, C. and Mello, S., Nossas Riquezas no Mar – Recursos Não-Vivos in O Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro 174 (Chaves, P., 1^st ed. 2005).
16. Costa, N., Riquezas minerais da 'Amazônia Azul' devem ser exploradas at http://www.alerta.inf.br/Geral/1293.html (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
17. Gusmão, L., Nossas Riquezas no Mar – Recursos Energéticos in O Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro 185 (Chaves, P., 1^st ed. 2005).
18. Forero, J., Brazil girds for massive offshore oil extraction, The Washington Post, 7 December 2009.
19. Norse, E., apud Prates, A., Unidades de Conservação Costeiras e Marinhas inO Mar no Espaço Geográfico Brasileiro 198 (Chaves, P., 1^st ed. 2005).
20. Prates, A., op. cit. 198.
21. Decree 5.377/2005, Feb 23, 2005 (entered into force 24 Feb. 2005)
22. Brazilian Navy - Centre of Social Communication, op. cit.
23. Id.
24. Art. 1 – Decree 5.129/2004, Jul 6, 2004 (entered into force 7 Jul. 2004).
25. Brazilian Navy - Centre of Social Communication, op. cit.
26. Decree 98.145/1989, Sep 15, 1989 (entered into force 18 Sep. 1989).
27. 27 Souza, J., The Continental Shelf of Brazil: Going Beyond the 200 Nautical Miles at http://www.info.lncc.br/brshelf.html (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
28. Torres, L. and Ferreira, H. Amazônia Azul: a última fronteira brasileira no mar in Passadiço CAAML, Vol. 2005. p. 5
29. Addendum to the Executive Summary dated 17 May 2004, The Brazilian submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf pursuant to article 76 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, CLCS-UN 1 Feb. (2006).
30. CLCS. 02.2004. LOS (Continental Shelf Notification) 21 May 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
31. CLCS.02.2004 LOS/USA 9 September 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
32. Op. cit. 33
33. Continental Shelf Submissions: The Record to Date, in 21 Int'l J. Marine & Coastal L. 309 2006 p. 314
34. CLCS. The Deputy Representative of The United States of America to The United Nations, 25 Oct. 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
35. CLCS. Brazilian Continental Shelf Survey Project, 25 Oct. 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/ clcs_new/submissions_files/bra04/bra_exec_sum.pdf (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
36. CLCS/42, Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 14^th Session. p. 2 at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
37. CLCS/44, Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 15^th Session, p. 3. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
38. CLCS/46, Letter dated 25 August 2005 from the Legal Counsel, Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for Legal Affairs, addressed to the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, in 16^th Session, p.13 at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
39. CLCS Addendum to the Executive Summary dated 17 May 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
40. CLCS. Brazilian Continental Shelf Survey Project, 25 Oct. 2004. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/ clcs_new/submissions_files/bra04/bra_exec_sum.pdf (last visited on January 10^th, 2010)
41. CLCS/54 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 19^th Session, p. 06 at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
42. Id. p. 4
43. SERRA, C., Plano de Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira. athttps://www.mar.mil.br/secirm/leplac.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
44. CLCS/60 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 22^nd Session, p. 11. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
45. CLCS/62 Statement by the Chairman of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf on the progress of work in the Commission in 23^rd Session, p. 16. at http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/commission_documents.htm (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).
46. Gardline Marine Sciences, About Us at http://www.gardlinemarinesciences.com/page/about-us/ (last visited on January 10^th, 2010).

47.Speech, Levantamento da Plataforma Continental Brasileira, 04 Jun. 2009 at http://www.rollemberg.com.br/mandato/discursos/levantamento-da-plataforma-continental-brasileira (last visited on January 10^th, 2010)