A Justiça e o Direito da Índia

NOTAS

[1] Casta: Posição social do indivíduo determinada pelo nascimento, religião, ou profissão. Grupo fechado de caráter predominantemente hereditário. (Fonte: ENCICLOPÉDIA JURÍDICA LEIB SOIBELMAN)

[2] DAVID (1996:437-438) inicia falando sobre os sastras (livros de preceitos):

A civilização da Índia repousa sobre fundamentos muito diferentes dos da civilização da cristandade ou do Islã. Cristãos, muçulmanos e judeus encontram na Sagrada Escritura o princípio básico de que os homens, dotados de alma, têm um valor igual perante Deus, à imagem do qual foram criados, O hinduísmo rejeita esta noção fundamental do Ocidente. Para ele o "homem é uma simples abstração; há somente "homens" definidos para categoria social a que pertencem pelo seu nascimento. As diversas categorias de homens são complementares e hierarquizadas, de forma que aos homens pertencentes a cada uma delas correspondem direitos, deveres e mesmo uma moral específica que lhes é própria.

As regras que regulam o comportamento dos homens estão expostas em obras, denominadas sastras, de três espécies diferentes, correspondentes às três motivações que podem determinar este comportamento: virtude, interesse e prazer. Certos sastras ensinam aos homens como estes se devem conduzir para serem justos: é a ciência do dharma. Outros ensinam aos homens a maneira de enriquecer e ao príncipe a arte de governar: é o artha, ciência do útil e da política. Outros, finalmente, desenvolvem uma ciência do prazer: é o kama.

Dharma, artha e kama são todos três legítimos e a ordem natural das coisas exige que sejam devidamente considerados pelos homens. Contudo, cada um deverá agir como a categoria social a que pertence o exigir.

Obrâmane esforçar-se-á por conduzir a sua vida tanto quanto possível segundo o dharma; os dirigentes e os comerciantes procurarão, antes de tudo, o útil, considerando o artha; as mulheres, que não têm destino próprio após a morte, colocarão em primeiro plano o kama.

Na filosofia hindu é claramente reconhecida uma certa superioridade ao dharma, mas desse fato não resulta que o artha ou o kama devam necessariamente subjugar-se às exigências do dharma. O dharma não exprime, de fato, a moral hindufstica na sua totalidade; por isso mesmo é muito diferente do fiqh, que domina sem contestação na sociedade muçulmana; na verdade não merece ser olhado como se fosse um "Direito" propriamente dito. Mais do que um Direito, o dharma é um simples modelo que se adapta às derrogações e pede mesmo certas adaptações, dentro do espírito de realismo e, mais ainda, de tolerância, que constitui a marca distintiva do hinduísmo.

Em seguida, trata DAVID (1996:438) do dharma (preceitos):

O dharma fundamenta-se na crença de que existe uma ordem no universo, inerente à natureza das coisas, necessária à preservação do mundo, e da qual os próprios deuses são apenas protetores. O dharma abrange no seu conjunto a conduta dos homens. Ele não distingue entre deveres religiosos e obrigações propriamente jurídicas. Indica, por exemplo, aos hindus a penitência à qual devem submeter-se quando pecarem e as ocasiões nas quais devem oferecer sacrifícios; impõe-lhes leis em matéria de esmola e de hospitalidade; impõe aos soberanos a visita aos templos e a garantia da segurança pública. A idéia ocidental de "direitos subjetivos" é totalmente estranha ao dharma e ao pensamento hindu, O dharma assenta na idéia de deveres, não na de direitos; ele indica a cada um como deve comportar-se se pretende ser um homem de bem e se preocupa com o que vem depois da morte. Os deveres assim impostos variam segundo a condição de cada um e também com a idade dos indivíduos 4; são particularmente rigorosos para as pessoas de condição superior. Existem independentemente de todo o mecanismo destinado a assegurar a sua eficácia.

A autoridade do dharma não reside no costume. O seu prestígio deve-se ao religioso respeito inspirado por aqueles que exprimiram os seus mandamentos, sábios dos tempos passados que souberam pôr em destaque o "bom costume" e tiveram uma visão incontestada da ordem divina.

Existem dois tipos de tratados a respeito, conforme DAVID (1996:439), ou sejam: dharmasastras e nibandhas:

O dharma encontra-se exposto em tratados chamados dharmasastras. Os mais célebres foram escritos em verso: são, em especial, as leis de Manou, as de Yajnavalkya e as de Narada, que se julga terem sido redigidas entre o primeiro século a.C. e o século III ou IV da nossa era.

Oque deve ser considerado como obra de dharma, impondo autoridade, foi estabelecido pela tradição. Os dharmasastras, reconhecidos como tais, formam um todo, qualquer que tenha sido a época em que tenham sido redigidos; o seu conjunto deve ser tomado em consideração para conhecer o dharma. Não pode pretender-se conhecê-lo através de uma obra particular, por mais prestigiosa que seja; os sastras explicam-se uns pelos outros e completam-se reciprocamente. Existe na India, por esta razão, outra categoria de obras, os nibandhas. Os nibandhas se destinam a esclarecer o sentido, por vezes obscuro, dos dharmasastras, a torná-los inteligíveis aos homens cultos e também a resolver as aparentes contradições entre os diversos dharmasastras. Certos nibandhas abrangem o conjunto do dharma, outros visam apenas uma instituição particular. Seus autores ora são conhecidos, ora desconhecidos. Suas datas se escalonam entre os séculos XI e XVII.

Odharma é uno e só pode ser conhecido a partir do conjunto dos dharmasastras. Porém, existe um grande número de dharmasastras e os nibandhas são muito numerosos. Disto resulta que o conhecimento ou a preferência que se tenha por cada um deles irá variar de região para região; certos grupos sociais vivem sob a autoridade de um nibandha e outros sob a autoridade de um outro nibandha diferente. Duas escolas principais existem assim no Direito hindu: a escola do Mitakshara e a do Dayabhaga. Estas escolas, com as distinções e subdistinções que comportam, têm efetivamente, como os ritos do islã, um domínio geográfico, embora constituam estatutos pessoais, que acompanham os indivíduos em qualquer lugar em que se encontrem: a escola do Dayabhaga domina na Bengala e em Assam, a escola do Mitakshara no resto da Índia e no Paquistão.

DAVID (1996:439-440) afirma que o dharma e o costume se completam:

A vida neste mundo não poderia ser regida unicamente pelo dharma. Se só este exprime uma verdade eterna, outros elementos são legitimamente levados em conta para determinar a conduta dos homens: considerações do útil (artha) e do agradável (kama). O homem sábio concilia na sua conduta a virtude com o interesse e o prazer, e não se pode esperar que as pessoas vivam em completa conformidade com o dharma no período de decadência (kali), que é o de nossa infeliz época. Por esta razão o próprio dharma admite o costume praeter legem e o costume contra legem: deve-se, segundo Yajnavalkya e Manou, renunciar seguir a regra de conduta consagrada pelos textos se esta é reprovada, desprezada pelo mundo. Entretanto, as regras costumeiras, provindas das condições contingentes de tempo e lugar, não têm relação com o comando divino, que é o fundamento do dharma. Elas representam um simples fato, que não merece estudo, e não poderiam servir de base para uma verdadeira essência. A realidade, portanto, é que a Índia vive segundo costumes dominados, em maior ou menor grau, pela doutrina do hinduísmo, que dispõe sobre as regras de conduta em conformidade com as quais os costumes foram, com maior ou menor intensidade, modificados, orientados ou interpretados.

Os costumes são variados. Cada casta ou subcasta segue as regras do costume que lhes são próprias; as assembléias (panchayats) resolvem, a nível local, todas as dificuldades e todos os litígios, apoiando-se na opinião pública. A assembléia, que decide por unanimidade, dispõe de meios de pressão eficazes; a sanção mais temível é a excomunhão, que faz do indivíduo um isolado numa sociedade onde a vida não se concebe fora de um grupo.

Substituindo eventualmente o costume, um outro fator que pode regular o comportamento dos hindus é constituído pela razão e pela eqüidade. Os dharmasastras mandam o indivíduo agir e o juiz decidir segundo a sua consciência, segundo a justiça, segundo a eqüidade, se nenhuma outra regra de Direito estrito lhes é imposta. Assim, as leis de Manou recomendam que se recorra, em casos duvidosos, à "satisfação interior".

[3] e [4] Em 1931 os brâmanes correspondiam a 6,4% da população e os kshatriyas a 3,7, segundo informação de JAFFRELOT (1996:12).

[5] KAUTILYA, no seu Arthashastra (2002:35-55), adota, dentre outros preceitos políticos, outros tantos, de aparência jurídica, que se assemelham aos do Dharmasastra:

O ofício do contador

O superintendente das contas instalará sua repartição com a porta voltada para o norte ou o leste, os lugares de trabalho dos contadores bem separados e prateleiras com os livros de contas perfeitamente ordenados.

o funcionário que violar qualquer norma, ou desviar-se da forma estabelecida para as contas, fizer um registro sem saber o que significa ou equivocadamente registrar duas ou três vezes a mesma operação será multado em doze dinheiros.

Aquele que por inadvertência apagar o registro de um total sofrerá dupla punição.

Aquele que o omitir será multado oito vezes.

O que provocar perda de receita reporá essa perda acrescentada de cinco vezes o seu valor. Se mentir, sofrerá a penalidade prevista para o roubo. Se omitir da primeira vez algum registro, incluindo-o só mais tarde, sofrerá em dobro essa pena.

O soberano perdoará uma falha de pequenas proporções; ficará satisfeito mesmo quando a arrecadação for pequena, mas honrará com recompensas o funcionário que lhe trouxer grandes beneficios.

Descobrindo desvios de tributos por funcionários corruptos

Todos os empreendimentos dependem de recursos. Por isso, o tesouro deve merecer a maior atenção.

A prosperidade pública, os prêmios pela boa conduta, a captura dos ladrões, a redução do número de servidores públicos, as colheitas abundantes, a prosperidade do comércio, a inexistência de distúrbios e calamidades, a redução das isenções de impostos, as receitas em ouro — estes são fatores que conduzem à prosperidade financeira.

O exame da conduta dos servidores públicos

Aqueles que têm qualificações ministeriais devem ser nomeados para dirigir os departamentos governamentais de acordo com a sua capacidade individual. Enquanto estiverem nessas funções, serão inspecionados todo dia, porque os homens são naturalmente dispersivos e, como os cavalos engajados numa tarefa, mudam de disposição a cada instante. Por isso os instrumentos que utilizam, o local e hora em que trabalham e a exata forma da sua atividade, bem como seus resultados, devem ser objeto de constante reavaliação.

O superintendente do comércio

Cabe ao superintendente do comércio verificar se há ou não demanda pelos vários tipos de produtos da terra ou da água, transportados por estradas ou vias fluviais e marítimas, assim como a flutuação dos seus preços. E decidirá também a melhor época para a distribuição, depósito, compra e venda desses produtos.

Os produtos de ampla demanda devem ser armazenados, e seu preço sempre aumentado. Quando o novo preço for aceito pelo povo, um outro preço será fixado.

Os produtos de origem local serão armazenados; os importados serão distribuídos para venda em diferentes mercados. E os dois tipos de mercadoria serão vendidos ao povo em condições favoráveis. O soberano evitará lucros muito grandes que prejudiquem o povo.

Não haverá qualquer restrição à época de vender os produtos pelos quais haja demanda freqüente, que não estarão sujeitos aos inconvenientes da armazenagem.

No concernente à venda das mercadorias do rei em países estrangeiros, assim procederá o superintendente: depois de verificar o valor das mercadorias locais, comparativamente aos produtos estrangeiros que podem ser obtidos em troca, calculará se há uma margem de lucro, considerado o custo do transporte e as diferentes taxas e tributos pagos ao estado estrangeiro. Se não houver lucro na venda dos produtos locais em mercados estrangeiros, o superintendente verificará se existe alguma possibilidade vantajosa de troca com produtos locais. Depois, enviará um quarto da mercadoria disponível para diferentes mercados, usando estradas seguras. Para assegurar bons lucros, deverá relacionar-se amistosamente com as autoridades do outro estado, tomando todas as precauções para proteger os recursos assim obtidos. Se não for possível alcançar o mercado pretendido, para evitar sua perda total a mercadoria poderá ser vendida em qualquer outro lugar, com um lucro inferior, sem pagar impostos, como se fosse um produto local.

O superintendente aduaneiro

O superintendente aduaneiro construirá um posto de inspeção e coleta perto do portão principal de acesso à cidade, de frente para o norte ou o leste, e exibindo as suas insígnias. Quando os comerciantes passarem pelo posto, quatro ou cinco coletores anotarão seu nome, procedência, as mercadorias trazidas e o local onde foram inspecionadas pela primeira vez.

A mercadoria que não tiver o selo apropriado pagará os direitos em dobro. Se o selo for falsificado, pagará uma multa de oito vezes o seu valor. Se o selo estiver apagado ou danificado, o mercador será retido por algum tempo. Haverá também uma multa em dinheiro nos casos em que a mercadoria declarada não corresponder à verdade, ou o selo for diferente do obrigatório.

O superintendente das prostitutas

Pagando-lhe um salário fixo, o superintendente das prostitutas empregará na corte uma prostituta, reputada pela sua beleza, juventude e qualificações, seja ou não de uma família de prostitutas. Será também nomeada uma prostituta substituta com um salário de metade do valor do primeiro.

Quando uma dessas prostitutas viajar, ou se vier a falecer, a filha ou irmã poderá tomar o seu lugar, recebendo seu salário e patrimônio. Este poderá caber a sua mãe ou a uma outra prostituta. Se isso não ocorrer, o patrimônio ficará para o soberano.

Para acrescentar ao brilho das prostitutas que levam as insígnias do soberano’3 e que o servem quando está no leito real, no trono ou numa carruagem, as prostitutas devem ser classificadas em três graus, de acordo com sua beleza e as jóias que usam; e seu salário variará da mesma forma.

A prostituta que perder sua beleza será empregada como serviçal.

Se, depois de ter recebido a quantia que lhe for devida, uma prostituta se recusar a atender quem a pagou, será multada em duas vezes essa quantia.

Quando uma prostituta recusar seu cliente, será multada em oito vezes o valor da quantia cobrada, a menos que o cliente esteja prejudicado por uma doença ou defeito pessoal.

Se uma prostituta matar seu cliente será queimada viva ou afogada.

Ao cliente de uma prostituta que roubar sua roupa ou suas jóias, ou deixar de pagar-lhe o que é devido, será imposta multa igual a oito vezes o valor do que foi roubado.

Toda prostituta informará o superintendente sobre seus clientes, sua receita diária e renda prevista.

As mesmas regras se aplicarão aos atores, dançarmos, cantores, músicos, cômicos, mimos, bardos, artistas de circo, cáftens e mulheres livres.

Toda prostituta pagará ao governo, mensalmente, o equivalente à sua receita de dois dias.

O matrimônio e seus deveres

A propriedade da esposa e as compensações devidas

O matrimônio constitui a base de todas as disputas

A propriedade da mulher está representada por meios de subsistência e jóias, para as quais não há limite de valor. No caso dos meios de subsistência, seu dote será sempre superior a dois mil dinheiros. A esposa poderá lançar mão desses recursos para manter-se, ou para manter os filhos ou a nora, caso o esposo esteja ausente e não tenha deixado recursos para isso. Quanto ao esposo, poderá também utilizar esses recursos em caso de calamidade, doença ou fome, para afastar perigo ou em atos de caridade.

Se uma viúva voltar a casar-se com um homem que não tenha sido escolhido pelo seu sogro perderá tudo o que lhe tiver sido dado por este e pelo falecido esposo.

Os deveres da esposa

A esposa que praticar quaisquer atos sexuais, ou beber, violando desta forma uma proibição, pagará multa de três dinheiros. No caso de sair durante o dia para assistir a um evento esportivo ou um espetáculo, pagará multa de doze dinheiros. Se a falta ocorrer durante a noite, a multa será dobrada. A esposa que sair quando o esposo estiver dormindo, ou embriagado, será penalizada com doze dinheiros; o mesmo se impedir a entrada do cônjuge em sua casa à noite. Se um homem e uma mulher trocarem palavras ou sinais com o propósito de marcar um encontro amoroso, a mulher será multada em 24 dinheiros, o homem em 48.

A difamação

A calúnia, os comentários insultuosos e a intimidação constituem difamação. Entre as expressões abusivas relativas ao corpo, aos hábitos, à educação, chamar uma pessoa defeituosa por apodo verdadeiro, tal como "o cegos", "o aleijado", etc., implicará multa de três dinheiros; e se o apodo for falso, a multa será dobrada. Se um cego for chamado ironicamente de "homem com belos olhos", ou um desdentado de "homem de dentes perfeitos", por exemplo, a multa aplicável será de doze dinheiros. O mesmo com a pessoa afetada pela lepra, impotência, insanidade mental, etc. De modo geral, as expressões insultuosas — sejam verdadeiras, falsas ou irônicas —entre pessoas do mesmo nível social serão punidas com multas acima de doze dinheiros.

Se as vítimas de tais insultos forem pessoas de nível social superior ao de quem insulta, este pagara uma multa dobrada; se a vitima for de nível inferior, pagará a metade. A calúnia que atinja a esposa alheia levará a dobrar a multa aplicável.

Se o insulto for devido a desatenção, embriaguez ou alienação dos sentidos, a multa será diminuída pela metade.

Caberá aos médicos ou aos vizinhos, em cada caso, determinar se a lepra, a alienação, etc. são uma condição verdadeira.

A impotência será determinada pelo testemunho de mulheres, a espuma da urina ou pelo comportamento das fezes quando mergulhadas em água.

A agressão

Tocar em uma pessoa, golpeá-la ou feri-la constitui uma agressão.

Se a pessoa tocar na outra abaixo do umbigo com a mão, terra, cinza ou lama, será punida com multa de três dinheiros; se o instrumento usado estiver sujo, ou a agressão for praticada com a perna ou um respingo de saliva, a multa será de seis dinheiros; se com urina, saliva, fezes etc., a multa crescerá para doze dinheiros. Cometida acima do umbigo, a multa será dobrada; na cabeça, será multiplicada por quatro.

Praticada a agressão contra pessoa de nível social superior, acarretará multa dobrada; o mesmo se a agressão for contra a esposa alheia; contra pessoa de nível social inferior, a multa será diminuída pela metade.

Se a agressão for causada por embriaguez, desatenção ou aIienação dos sentidos, será diminuída pela metade.

Segurar um homem pelas pernas, mãos, roupa ou cabelo implicará multa acima de seis dinheiros. Apertar uma pessoa com os braços, empurrá-la, arrastá-la ou sentar sobre ela será também punido com multa da primeira categoria.

Se o agressor se afastar correndo, depois de derrubar a vítima, será punido com metade da multa prevista.

Se o agressor for da casta Sudra, e a vítima Brâmane, o membro com que este for agredido será amputado.

O julgamento e a tortura necessária para obter uma confissão

Há quatro categorias de tortura: com a banheira, sete formas com o chicote, duas formas com a suspensão do corpo e as seis punições.

As pessoas condenadas por crimes graves receberão nove tipos de golpe com um bastão; doze golpes nas duas coxas; vinte golpes com um ramo de árvore; trinta e dois golpes na palma de cada mão e na sola de cada pé. As mãos atadas duas vezes, terão as pernas unidas de modo a parecer um escorpião. Há dois tipos de suspensão com o rosto para baixo. As juntas dos dedos serão queimadas, depois do condenado beber água com arroz; seu corpo será aquecido durante um dia depois que beber óleo. No inverno, será colocado sobre a grama para passar a noite.

Cada dia será praticado um tipo diferente de tortura

Qualquer que seja a natureza do crime cometido, nenhum brâmane poderá ser torturado, mas seu rosto será marcado com uma indicação do crime cometido: a forma de um cão, no caso do ladrão; a de um corpo decapitado, no caso do homicida; uma parte feminina, no caso do estuprador; a bandeira dos taberneiros, se tiver bebido álcool.

Depois de ter marcado assim o criminoso brâmane, e de ter proclamado em público o seu crime, o soberano o banirá do país ou o obrigará ao trabalho nas minas o resto da vida.

A pena capital, com ou sem tortura

O homem que tiver assassinado um outro será torturado até morrer. Se uma pessoa, ferida numa luta, morrer dentro de sete dias, aquele que lhe tiver causado o ferimento mortal será executado instantaneamente. Se a pessoa ferida morrer dentro de duas semanas, o criminoso pagará uma multa da categoria mais elevada. Se a vítima falecer dentro de um mês, o criminoso deverá pagar uma multa de quinhentos panas, além de indenizar a família atingida.

Se alguém ferir uma pessoa com uma arma, pagará multa da categoria mais elevada; se tiver causado esse ferimento sob o efeito da embriaguez, terá sua mão amputada. Se provocar a morte instantânea do ferido, pagará com a vida.

Relações sexuais com meninas

Aquele que violar uma virgem da sua casta, quando ainda for uma menina, terá a mão amputada ou pagará a multa de quatrocentos panas. Se a virgem vier a morrer, o violador será executado. No caso da virgem ter mais idade, o violador terá o dedo médio da mão amputado, ou pagará a multa de duzentos panas, além de dar ao pai da moça uma compensação adequada.

Nenhum homem pode ter relações sexuais com uma mulher sem o seu consentimento.

Aquele que violar uma virgem com o seu consentimento pagará multa de 54 panas; a virgem pagará também uma multa de metade desse valor.

A conduta do cortesão

Por meio da influência de algum amigo, quem tiver bastante experiência do mundo poderá buscar o favor do soberano que, dispondo de todos os atributos da realeza, tenha uma disposição bondosa. Cortejará o soberano, pensando: "Assim como preciso de um protetor, o soberano tem um caráter amável e pendor para dar bons conselhos". Cortejará até mesmo um rei que tiver perdido suas riquezas e não dispuser dos elementos do poder real, mas nunca aquele de caráter depravado.

Sem perder as oportunidades, falará das coisas que interessem ao soberano; dos seus próprios interesses só quando na companhia de amigos; e dos interesses de outras pessoas, no lugar e momentos apropriados, em conformidade com os princípios da correção e da economia.

Quando indagado, dirá ao soberano o que é bom e agradável de ouvir, mas não o que é mau, embora seja agradável; se o soberano tiver prazer em ouvi-lo, poderá dizer-lhe confidencialmente o que é bom mas desagradável.

Poderá, se necessário, guardar o silêncio, mas nunca dirá o que é odioso; até mesmo pessoas indesejáveis adquiriram poder abstendo-se de falar sobre o que o soberano odeia; fizeram isso ao perceber que o soberano só queria tratar de coisas agradáveis, sem dar atenção às más conseqüências e seguindo essa sua disposição.

A autodefesa deve ser o pensamento primordial e constante do homem sábio, pois a vida de quem está a serviço do soberano pode ser comparada à existência no meio de um incêndio — enquanto o fogo destrói o corpo, em parte ou no todo, o soberano pode destruir ou favorecer toda a família, incluindo os filhos dos empregados e suas esposas.

Considerações sobre as dificuldades enfrentadas pelo soberano e o seu reino

O soberano e seu reino são os elementos fundamentais do Estado

As dificuldades enfrentadas pelo soberano podem ser internas ou externas. As primeiras são mais sérias do que as externas. Problemas criados pelos ministros são mais sérios do que os outros tipos de dificuldades internas. Por isso, o soberano deve manter o tesouro e o exército sob o seu controle direto.

[6] ANNOUSSAMY (2001:65) fala sobre os panchayats:

A Justiça era concebida como uma função divina cumprida pelo rei ou seus delegados. Paralelamente havia em cada vila um Tribunal ao qual as partes submetiam tradicionalmente suas lides. As apelações ao rei eram raras. Essas instâncias tradicionais continuam ainda a funcionar se bem que desprovidas de reconhecimento oficial. Elas compreendem em geral cinco habitantes importantes da vila e são chamadas, por essa razão, panchayatas... Elas se renovam por via de admissão porém sob condição de aprovação tácita dos habitantes. A colonização, depois a urbanização, e os meios modernos de transporte diminuíram sua importância, mas elas desempenham ainda um papel importante em determinadas localidades. Nessas localidades adota-se um ponto de honra em não apresentar nenhuma demanda nos tribunais oficiais; essas vilas são cada vez mais raras, é verdade. Mas, no conjunto, os Tribunais tradicionais tratam ainda de um número considerável de processos de pessoas simples, algumas vezes até de processos criminais.

A forma de operar desses Tribunaisadota o ideal de justiça presente no espírito da população. É uma concepção que vem de priscas eras. É difícil dizer exatamente como funcionavam esses tribunais antigamente. O que se pode afirmar é que deveriam existir variações conforme a localidade e a época, mas determinados pontos comuns deveriam existir em todas as localidades e épocas. Pode-se Ter uma idéia disso através das referências literárias e contos.

[7] Leis federais em vigor (em inglês) :

Alphabetical List - Central Acts

Name of the Act Year Act No

• Absorbed Areas (Laws) Act 1954

• Acquired Territories (Merger) Act 1960

• Acquisition of Certain Area at Ayodhya Act 1993

• Additional Duties of Excise (Goods of Special Importance) Act 1957

• Additional Duties of Excise (Textiles and Textile Articles) Act 1978

• Additional Emoluments (Compulsory Deposit) Act 1974

• Administration of Evacuee Property Act 1950

• Administrative Tribunals Act 1985

• Administrative Tribunal (Amendment) Act 1986

• Administrators-General Act 1963

• Advocates Act 1961

• Advocates’ Welfare Fund Act 2001

• African Development Bank Act 1983

• African Development Fund Act 1982

• Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Cess Act, 1985 1986

• Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export 1986

• Development Authority Act, 1985

• Agricultural Produce Cess Act 1940

• Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act 1937

• Agriculturists' Loans Act 1884

• Aircraft Act 1934

• Airports Authority of India Act 1994

• Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings and Repeal) Act 1994

• Air Force Act 1950

• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981

• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act 1987

• Ajmer Tenancy and Land Records Act 1950

• Alcock Ashdown Company Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings Act 1973

• Aligarh Muslim University Act 1920

• All-India Council for Technical Education Act 1987

• All-India Institute of Medical Sciences Act 1956

• All-India Services Act 1951

• All-India Services Regulations (Indemnity) Act 1975

• Aluminium Corporation of India Limited Acquisition and Transfer of 1984

• Aluminium Undertaking Act

• Amending Act 1897

• Amending Act 1901

• Amending Act 1903

• Amritsar Oil Works (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1982

• Anand Marriage Act 1909

• Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act 1958

• Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904

• Andhra Pradesh and Madras (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1959

• Andhra Pradesh and Mysore (Transfer of Territory) Act 1968

• Andhra Scientific Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1982 71 Undertakings) Act

• Andhra State Act 1953

• Anti-Apartheid (United Nations Convention) Act 1981

• Anti-Corruption Laws (Amendment) Act 1967

• Anti-Hijacking Act 1982

• Antiquities and Art Treasures Act 1972

• Apprentices Act 1961

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• Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996

• Architects Act 1972

• Armed Forces (Emergency Duties) Act 1947

• Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act 1990

• Armed Forces (Punjab and Chandigarh) Special Powers Act 1983

• Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act 1958

• Arms Act 1959

• Army Act 1950

• Army and Air Force (Disposal of Private Property) Act 1950

• Arya Marriage Validation Act 1937

• Asian Development Bank Act 1966

• Asian Refractories Limited (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act 1971

• Asiatic Society Act 1984

• Assam (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1951

• Assam Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act 1934

• Assam Municipal (Manipur Amendment) Act 1961

• Assam Reorganisation (Meghalaya) Act 1969

• Assam Rifles Act 1941

• Assam Sillimanite Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Refractory Plant) Act 1976

• Assam University Act 1989

• Atomic Energy Act 1962

• Auroville Foundation Act 1988

• Authoritative Texts (Central Laws) Act 1973

• Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Act 1994

• Banaras Hindu University Act 1915

• Bangalore Marriages Validating Act 1936

• Bankers' Books Evidence Act 1891

• Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1970

• Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980

• Banking Laws (Application to Co-operative Societies) Act 1965

• Banking Laws (Amendment) Act 1985

• Banking Regulation Act 1949

• Banking Service Commission Act 1984

• Bar Councils (Validation of State Laws) Act 1956

• Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Act 1966

• Beedi and Cigar Workers (Conditions of Employment) Amendment Act 1993

• Beedi Workers Welfare Cess Act 1976

• Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act 1976

• Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act 1988

• Bengal, Agra and Assam Civil Courts Act 1887

• Bengal Alluvion and Diluvion Act 1847

• Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Assam Laws Act 1912

• Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act 1838

• Bengal Bonded Warehouse Association Act 1854

• Bengal Chaukidari Act 1856

• Bengal Chemical and Pharmaceutical Works Limited (Acquisition and 1980

• Transfer of Undertakings) Act

• Bengal Criminal Law Amendment (Supplementary) Act 1925 . .

• Bengal Districts Act 1836

• Bengal Embankment Act 1855

• Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) (Delhi Validation of Appointments and 1971 20 Proceedings) Act

• Bengal Ghatwali Lands Act 1859

• Bengal Immunity Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1984 57 Undertakings) Act

• Bengal Indigo Contracts Act 1836

• Bengal Land Holders' Attendance Act 1848

• Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act 1841

• Bengal Land Revenue Sales Act 1859

• Bengal Military Police Act 1892

• Bengal Rent Act 1859

• Bengal Suppression of Terrorist Outrages (Supplementary) Act 1932

• Bengal Tenancy Act 1885

• Berar Laws Act 1941

• Betwa River Board (Amendment) Act 1993

• Betwa River Board Act 1976

• Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited 1988 44 (Determination of Conditions of Service of Employees) Act

• Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster (Processing of Claims) Act 1985

• Bihar Land Reforms Laws (Regulating Mines and Minerals) Validation Act 1969

• Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 2000

• Bihar and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1968

• Bihar and West Bengal (Transfer of Territories) Act 1956

• Bikrama Singh's Estates Act 1883

• Bird and Company Limited (Acquisition and 1980 67 Transfer of Undertakings and Other Properties) Act

• Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1886

• Bolani Ores Limited (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1978

• Bombay Civil Courts Act 1869

• Bombay Municipal Debentures Act 1876

• Bombay Public Security Measures (Delhi Amendment) Act 1948

• Bombay Rent-free Estates Act 1852

• Bombay Reorganisation Act 1960

• Bombay Revenue Jurisdiction Act 1876

• Bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act 1976

• Border Security Force Act 1968

• Boundaries 1847

• Boundary-marks, Bombay 1846

• Brahmaputra Board Act 1980

• Braithwaite and Company (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1976 96 Undertakings) Act

• Brentford Electric (India) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1987 36 Undertakings) Act

• Britannia Engineering Company Limited (Mokameh Unit) and the Arthur 1978

• Butler and Company (Muzaffarpore) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act

• British India Corporation Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1981

• British Statutes (Application to India) Repeal Act 1960

• Broach and Kaira Incumbered Estates Act 1877

• Bronze Coin (Legal Tender) Act 1918

• Building and Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment 1996 27 and Conditions of Service) Act

• Building and Other Construction Workers' Welfare Cess Act 1996

• Bureau of Indian Standards Act 1986

• Burmah Oil Company [Acquisition of Shares of Oil India Limited and of the 1981 41 Undertakings in India of Assam Oil Company Limited and the Burmah Oil Company (India Trading) Limited] Act

• Burmah Shell (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1976

• Burn Company and Indian Standard Wagon Company (Nationalisation) Act 1976

• Cable Television Networks (Regulation) Act 1995

• Calcutta High Court (Extension of Jurisdiction) Act 1953

• Calcutta High Court (Jurisdictional Limits) Act 1919

• Calcutta Land-revenue Act 1850

• Calcutta Land-revenue Act 1856

• Calcutta Metro Railway (Operation and Maintenance) Temporary 1985 10 Provisions Act

• Calcutta Pilots Act 1859

• Calcutta Port (Pilotage) Act 1948

• Caltex [Acquisition of Shares of Caltex Oil Refining (India) Limited and 1977 17 of the Undertakings in India of Caltex (India) Limited] Act

• Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act 1957

• Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act 1923

• Cantonments Act 1924

• Capital of Punjab Development and Regulation (Chandigarh Amendment) Act 1973

• Cardamom Act 1965

• Carriage by Air Act 1972

• Carriers Act 1865

• Caste Disabilities Removal Act 1850

• Cattle-trespass Act 1871

• Census Act 1948

• Central Agricultural University Act 1992

• Central Board of Revenue Act 1963

• Central Duties of Excise (Retrospective Exemption Act 1986

• Central Excise Act 1944

• Central Excises and Salt (Amendment) Act 1985

• Central Excise Tariff Act, 1985 1986

• Central Excises (Conversion to Metric Units) Act 1960

• Central Industrial Security Force (Amendment and Validation) Act 1999

• Central Industrial Security Force Act 1968

• Central Labour Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1970

• Central Laws (Extension to Arunachal Pradesh) Act 1993

• Central Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1968

• Central Provinces Court of Wards Act 1899

• Central Provinces Financial Commissioner's Act 1908

• Central Provinces Land-revenue Act 1881

• Central Provinces Laws Act 1875

• Central Provinces Tenancy Act 1898

• Central Road Fund Act 2000

• Central Reserve Police Force Act 1949

• Central Sales Tax (Amendment) Act 1969

• Central Sales Tax Act 1956

• Central Silk Board Act 1948

• Cess and Other Taxes on Minerals (Validation) Act 1992

• Chandernagore (Merger) Act 1954

• Chandigarh (Delegation of Powers) Act, 1987 1988

• Chandigarh Disturbed Areas Act 1983

• Chaparmukh Silghat Railway Line and the Katakhal Lalabazar Railway Line 1982 36 (Nationalisation) Act

• Charitable Endowments Act 1890

• Charitable and Religious Trusts Act 1920

• Chartered Accountants Act 1949

• Chemical Weapons Convention Act, 2000 2000

• Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act 1986

• Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929

• Children (Pledging of Labour) Act 1933

• Chit Funds Act 1982

• Chota Nagpur Encumbered Estates Act 1876

• Church of Scotland Kirk Sessions Act 1899

• Cigarettes (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act 1975

• Cinematograph Act 1918

• Cinematograph Act 1952

• Cine-Workers and Cinema Theatre Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1981

• Cine-Workers Welfare Cess Act 1981

• Cine-Workers Welfare Fund Act 1981

• Citizenship Act 1955

• City of Bombay Municipal (Supplementary) Act 1888

• Civil Defence Act 1968

• Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act 1957

• Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Amendment and 1971 54 Validation Act

• Coal India (Regulation of Transfers and Validation) Act 2000

• Coal Mines (Conservation and Development) Act 1974

• Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1973

• Coal Mines Labour Welfare Fund (Repeal) Act 1986

• Coal Mines Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1948

• Coal Mines (Taking Over of Management) Act 1973

• Coast Guard Act 1978

• Coasting Vessels Act 1838

• Coconut Development Board Act 1979

• Code of Civil Procedure 1908

• Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 1974

• Coffee Act 1942

• Coinage Act 1906

• Coir Industry Act 1953

• Coking Coal Mines (Emergency Provisions) Act 1971

• Coking Coal Mines (Nationalisation) Act 1972

• Collection of Statistics Act 1953

• Colonial Courts of Admiralty (India) Act 1891

• Commanders-in-Chief (Change in Designation) Act 1955

• Commercial Documents Evidence Act 1939

• Commissions of Inquiry Act 1952

• Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 1988

• Companies Act 1956

• Companies (Amendment) Act 1988

• Companies (Donations to National Funds) Act 1951

• Companies (Profits) Surtax Act 1964

• Company Secretaries Act 1980

• Comptroller and Auditor General's (Duties, Powers and Conditions of 1971 56 Service) Act

• Compulsory Deposit Scheme Act 1963

• Conservation of Foreign Exchange and Prevention of 1974 52 Smuggling Activities Act

• Consumer Protection Act 1986

• Contempt of Courts Act 1971

• Contingency Fund of India Act 1950

• Continuance of Legal Proceedings Act 1948

• Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act 1970

• Converts' Marriage Dissolution Act 1866

• Cooch-Behar (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1950

• Co-operative Societies Act 1912

• Copyright Act 1957

• Coroners Act 1871

• Cost and Works Accountants Act 1959

• Cotton Copra and Vegetable Oils Cess (Abolition) Act 1987

• Countess of Dufferin's Fund Act 1957

• Court-fees Act 1870

• Court-fees (Delhi Amendment) Act 1967

• Criminal and Election Laws Amendment Act 1969

• Criminal Law Amendment Act 1932

• Criminal Law Amendment Act 1938

• Criminal Law Amendment Act 1961

• Customs Act 1962

• Customs (Amendment) Act 1985

• Customs and Central Excises Laws (Amendment) Act 1988

• Customs and Excise Revenues Appellate Tribunal Act 1986

• Customs Duties and Cesses (Conversion to Metric Units) Act 1960

• Customs Tariff Act 1975

• Cutchi Memons Act 1938

• Dadra and Nagar Haveli Act 1961

• Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Act 1964

• Dalmia Dadri Cement Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1981

• Damodar Valley Corporation Act 1948

• Dangerous Machines (Regulation) Act 1983

• Decrees and Orders Validating Act 1936

• Dehra Dun 1871

• Dekkhan Agriculturists Relief Act 1879

• Delhi Agricultural Produce Marketing (Regulation) Act 1976

• Delhi and Ajmer-Merwara Land Development Act 1948

• Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control Act 1952

• Delhi and Ajmer Rent Control (Nasirabad Centonment Repeal) Act 1968

• Delhi Apartment Ownership Act 1986

• Delhi Co-operative Societies Act 1972

• Delhi Delegation of Powers Act 1964

• Delhi Development Act 1957

• Delhi Development Authority (Validation of Disciplinary Powers) Act, 1998 1999

• Delhi Fire Prevention and Fire Safety Act 1986

• Delhi High Court Act 1966

• Delhi High Court (Amendment) Act 1980

• Delhi Hotels (Control of Accommodation) Act 1949

• Delhi Land Holdings (Ceiling) Act 1960

• Delhi Lands (Restriction on Transfer) Act 1972

• Delhi Laws Act 1912

• Delhi Laws Act 1915

• Delhi Motor Vehicles Taxation Act 1962

• Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957

• Delhi Municipal Corporation (Validation of Electricity Tax) Act 1966

• Delhi Police Act 1978

• Delhi Primary Education Act 1960

• Delhi Rent Act 1995

• Delhi Rent Control Act 1958

• Delhi Restriction of Uses of Land Act 1941

• Delhi Road Transport Laws (Amendment) Act 1971

• Delhi Sales Tax Act 1975

• Delhi Sales Tax (Amendment and Validation) Act 1976

• Delhi School Education Act 1973

• Delhi Sikh Gurdwaras Act 1971

• Delhi Special Police Establishment Act 1946

• Delhi University Act 1922

• Delhi (Urban Areas) Tenants' Relief Act 1961

• Delhi Urban Art Commission Act, 1973 1974

• Delimitation Act 1972

• Delivery of Books and Newspapers (Public Libraries) Act 1954

• Dentists Act 1948

• Departmental Inquiries (Enforcement of Attendance of Witnesses and 1972 18 Production of Documents) Act

• Departmentalisation of Union Accounts (Transfer of Personnel) Act 1976

• Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act 1961

• Deposit Insurance Corporation (Amendment and Miscellaneous 1978 21 Provisions) Act

• Depositories Act 1996

• Designs Act 2000

• Destruction of Records Act 1917

• Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914

• Destructive Insects and Pests (Amendment and Validation) Act 1992

• Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) Act 1948

• Diplomatic and Consular Officers (Oaths and Fees) (Extension to Jammu 1973 02 and Kashmir) Act

• Diplomatic Relations (Vienna Convention) Act 1972

• Direct Tax Laws (Amendment) Act 1989

• Direct-Tax Laws (Miscellaneous) Repeal Act 2000

• Displaced Persons (Claims) Supplementary Act 1954

• Displaced Persons (Compensation and Rehabilitation) Act 1954

• Displaced Persons (Debts Adjustment) Act 1951

• Disputed Elections (Prime Minister and Speaker) Act 1977

• Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act 1939

• Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act 1976

• Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) Act 1948

• Dock Workers (Regulation of Employment) (Inapplicability to Major Ports) Act 1997

• Dock Workers (Safety, Health and Welfare) Act 1986

• Dourine Act 1910

• Dowry Prohibition Act 1961

• Dramatic Performances Act 1876

• Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940

• Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954

• Drugs (Control) Act 1950

• Durgah Khawaja Saheb Act 1955

• Easements (Extending Act 5 of 1882) 1891

• East-Punjab Urban Rent Restriction (Extension to Chandigarh) Act 1974

• Economic Offences (Inapplicability of Limitation) Act 1974

• Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners 1991 11 and Transaction of Business) Act

• Election Laws (Extension to Sikkim) Act 1976

• Electricity Regulatory Commission Act 1998

• Electricity (Supply) Act 1948

• Elephants' Preservation Act 1879

• Emblems and Names (Prevention of Improper Use) Act 1950

• Emigration Act 1983

• Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act 1952

• Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions (Amendment) Act 1988

• Employees' State Insurance Act 1948

• Employees' State Insurance (Amendment) Act 1989

• Employers' Liability Act 1938

• Employment Exchanges (Compulsory Notification of Vacancies) Act 1959

• Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines 1993 46 (Prohibition) Act

• Enemy Property Act 1968

• Energy Conservation Act 2001

• Environment (Protection) Act 1986

• Epidemic Diseases Act 1897

• Equal Remuneration Act 1976

• Essential Commodities Act 1955

• Essential Services Maintenance (Assam) Act 1980

• Esso (Acquisition of Undertakings in India) Act 1974

• Evacuee Interest (Separation) Act 1951

• Exchange of Prisoners Act 1948

• Excise (Malt Liquors) Act 1890

• Excise (Spirits) Act 1863

• Expenditure-tax Act 1987

• Explosive Substances Act 1908

• Explosives Act 1884

• Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981

• Export (Quality Control and Inspection) Act 1963

• Extradition Act 1962

• Factories Act 1948

• Family Courts Act 1984

• Faridabad Development Corporation Act 1956

• Fatal Accidents Act 1855

• Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1951

• Food Corporations Act 1964

• Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act 1976

• Foreign Exchange Management Act 1999

• Foreign Jurisdiction Act 1947

• Foreign Marriage Act 1969

• Foreign Recruiting Act 1874

• Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992

• Foreigners Act 1946

• Foreigners Law (Application and Amendment) Act 1962

• Forest (Conservation) Act 1980

• Forfeited Deposits Act 1850

• Former Secretary of State Service Officers (Conditions of Service) Act 1972

• Fort William Act 1881

• Forward Contracts (Regulation) Act 1952

• Futwah-Islampur Light Railway Line (Nationalisation) Act 1985

• Ganesh Flour Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1984 16 Undertakings) Act

• Ganges Tolls 1867

• General Clauses Act 1897

• General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Act 1972

• General Insurance Business (Nationalisation) Amendment Act 1985

• Geneva Conventions Act 1960

• Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999

• Gift-tax Act 1958

• Glanders and Farcy Act 1899

• Goa, Daman and Diu (Absorbed Employees) Act 1965

• Goa, Daman and Diu (Administration) Act 1962

• Goa, Daman and Diu (Extension of the Code of Civil Procedure and the 1965 30 Arbitration Act) Act

• Goa, Daman and Diu Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as 1987 16 Mining Leases) Act

• Goa, Daman and Diu (Opinion Poll) Act 1966

• Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act 1987

• Gold Bonds (Immunities and Exemptions) Act 1993

• Government Buildings Act 1899

• Government Grants Act 1895

• Government Management of Private Estates Act 1892

• Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991 1992

• Government of Union Territories Act 1963

• Government Savings Banks Act 1873

• Government Savings Certificates Act 1959

• Government Seal Act 1862

• Governors (Emoluments, Allowances and Privileges) Act 1982

• Gresham and Craven of India (Private) Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1977 42 Undertakings) Act

• Guardians and Wards Act 1890

• Hackney-carriage Act 1879

• Haj Committee Act 1959

• Handlooms (Reservation of Articles for Production) Act 1985

• Haryana and Punjab Agricultural Universities Act 1970

• Haryana and Uttar Pradesh (Alteration of Boundaries) Act 1979

• High Court and Bombay (Extension of Jurisdiction to Goa, Daman and 1981 26 Diu) Act

• High Court at Patna (Establishment of a Permanent Bench at Ranchi) Act 1976

• High Court Judges (Conditions of Service) Act 1954

• High Courts (Seals) Act 1950

• High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act 1978

• Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act 1954

• Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Constitution and Proceedings) 1958 56 Validation Act

• Hind Cycles Limited and Sen-Raleigh Limited (Nationalisation) Act 1980

• Hindi Sahitya Sammelan Act 1962

• Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act 1956

• Hindu Disposition of Property Act 1916

• Hindu Gains of Learning Act 1930

• Hindu Inheritance (Removal of Disabilities) Act 1928

• Hindu Marriage Act 1955

• Hindu Marriages (Validation of Proceedings) Act 1960

• Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956

• Hindu Succession Act 1956

• Hindustan Tractors Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1978

• Hire-Purchase Act 1972

• Homoeopathy Central Council Act 1973

• Hooghly Docking and Engineering Company Limited (Acquisition and 1984 55 Transfer of Undertakings) Act

• Hotel-Receipts Tax Act 1980

• Howrah Offences Act 1857

• Identification of Prisoners Act 1920

• Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunals) Act 1983

• Immigration (Carriers’ Liability) Act 2000

• Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act 1950

• Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956 104

• Imperial Library (Change of Name) Act 1948

• Imperial Library (Indentures Validation) Act 1902

• Improvements in Towns 1850

• Inchek Tyres Limited and National Rubber Manufacturers Limited 1984 17 (Nationalisation) Act

• Income-tax Act 1961

• Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act 1986

• Indian Bar Councils Act 1926

• Indian Bills of Lading Act 1856

• Indian Boilers Act 1923

• Indian Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1925

• Indian Christian Marriage Act 1872

• Indian Council of World Affairs Act 2001

• Indian Contract Act 1872

• Indian Copper Corporation (Acquisition of Undertaking) Act 1972

• Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act 1908

• Indian Divorce Act 1869

• Indian Easements Act 1882

• Indian Electricity Act 1910

• Indian Evidence Act 1872

• Indian Fisheries Act 1897

• Indian Forest Act 1927

• Indian Independence Pakistan Courts (Pending Proceedings) Act 1952

• Indian Iron and Steel Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1976

• Indian Law Reports Act 1875

• Indian Majority Act 1875

• Indian Matrimonial Causes (War Marriages) Act 1948

• Indian Medical Council Act 1956 102

• Indian Medical Degrees Act 1916

• Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970

• Indian Museum Act 1910

• Indian Naval Armament Act 1923

• Indian Nursing Council Act 1947

• Indian Partnership Act 1932

• Indian Penal Code 1860

• Indian Ports Act 1908

• Indian Post Office Act 1898

• Indian Railway Board Act 1905

• Indian Red Cross Society Act 1920

• Indian Reserve Forces Act 1888

• Indian Rifles Act 1920

• Indian Securities Act 1920

• Indian Short Titles Act 1897

• Indian Soldiers (Litigation) Act 1925

• Indian Stamp Act 1899

• Indian Statistical Institute Act 1959

• Indian Succession Act 1925

• Indian Telegraph Act 1885

• Indian Tolls Act 1851

• Indian Tolls Act 1888

• Indian Tolls Act 1864

• Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act 1901

• Indian Tramways Act 1886

• Indian Tramways Act 1902

• Indian Treasure-trove Act 1878

• Indian Trusts Act 1882

• Indian Veterinary Council Act 1984

• Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act 1933

• Indira Gandhi National Open University Act 1985

• Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force Act 1992

• Industrial Development Bank of India Act 1964

• Industrial Disputes Act 1947

• Industrial Disputes (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956

• Industrial Disputes (Banking and Insurance Companies) Act 1949

• Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act 1946

• Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 1993

• Industrial Reconstruction Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 1997

• Industrial Reconstruction Bank of India Act 1984

• Industries (Development and Regulation) Act 1951

• Infant Milk Substitutes, Feeding Bottles and 1992

• Infant Foods (Regulation of Production, Supply and Distribution) Act

• Inflammable Substances Act 1952

• Information Technology Act 2000

• Inland Vessels Act 1917

• Inland Waterways Authority of India Act 1985

• Insecticides Act 1968

• Institutes of Technology Act 1961

• Insurance Act 1938

• Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act 1999

• Intelligence Organisations (Restriction on Rights) Act 1985

• Interest Act 1978

• Interest on Delayed Payments to Small Scale and Ancillary Industrial Undertakings Act 1993

• Interest-tax Act 1974

• International Development Association (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act 1960

• International Finance Corporation (Status, Immunities and Privileges) Act 1958

• International Monetary Fund and Bank Act 1945

• Inter-State Corporation Act 1957

• Inter-State Migrant Workmen (Regulation of Employment and Conditions 1979 30 of Service) Act

• Inter-State Water Disputes Act 1956

• Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare 1976 55 Cess Act

• Iron Ore Mines, Manganese Ore Mines and Chrome Ore Mines Labour Welfare 1976 61 Fund Act

• Jallianwala Bagh National Memorial Act 1951

• Jamia Millia Islamia Act 1988

• Jammu and Kashmir (Extension of Laws) Act 1956

• Jammu and Kashmir Representation of the People Supplementary) Act 1968

• Jawaharlal Nehru University Act 1966

• Jayanti Shipping Company (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1971

• Jubbalpore and Chhattisgarh Divisions (Divorce Proceedings Validation) Act 1935

• Judges (Inquiry) Act 1968

• Judges (Protection) Act 1985

• Judicial Officers Protection Act 1850

• Junagarh Administration (Property) Act 1948

• Jute Companies (Nationalisation) Act 1980

• Jute Manufacturers Cess Act 1983

• Jute Manufacturers Development Council Act 1983

• Jute Packaging Materials (Compulsory Use in Packing Commodities) Act 1987

• Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Chiuldren) Act 2000

• Kalakshetra Foundation Act, 1993 1994

• Kazis Act 1880

• Khaddar (Protection of Name) Act 1950

• Khadi and Village Industries Commission Act 1956

• Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library Act 1969

• King of Oudh's Estate Act 1887

• King of Oudh's Estate Act 1888

• King of Oudh's Estate Validation Act 1917

• Konkan Passenger Ships (Acquisition) Act 1973

• Kosangas Company (Acquisition of Undertakings) Act 1979

• Labour Laws (Exemption from Furnishing Returns and Maintaining Registers 1988 51 by certain Establishments) Act

• Lady Hardinge Medical College and Hospital (Acquisition and Miscellaneous 1977 34 Provisions) Act

• Lalitkala Akademi (Taking Over of Management) Act 1997

• Land Acquisition Act 1894

• Land Acquisition (Amendment) Act 1962

• Land Acquisition (Amendment and Validation) Act 1967

• Land Acquisition (Mines) Act 1885

• Land Improvement Loans Act 1883

• Laws Local Extent Act 1874

• Laxmirattan and Atherton West Cotton Mills (Taking over of Management)Act 1976

• Leaders of Chief Whips of Recognised Parties and Groups in Parliament 1999 (Facilities) Act, 1998

• Legal Practitioners Act 1879

• Legal Practitioners (Fees) Act 1926

• Legal Practitioners (Women) Act 1923

• Legal Representatives' Suits Act 1855

• Legal Services Authorities Act 1987

• Legal Tender (Inscribed Notes) Act 1964

• Legislative Assembly of Nagaland (Change in Representation) Act 1968

• Legislative Councils Act 1957

• Lepers Act 1898

• Levy Sugar Price Equalisation Fund Act 1976

• Life Insurance Corporation Act 1956

• Life Insurance Corporation (Modification of Settlement) Act 1976

• Light House Act 1927

• Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1972

• Limitation Act 1963

• Live-stock Importation Act 1898

• Local Authorities Loans Act 1914

• Local Authorities Pensions and Gratuities Act 1919

• Lok Sahayak Sena Act 1956

• Lotteries (Regulation) Act 1998

• Lushai Hills District (Change of Name) Act 1954

• Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000

• Madras, Bengal and Bombay Children (Supplementary) Act 1925

• Madras City Civil Court Act 1892

• Madras City Land Revenue Act 1851

• Madras Civil Courts Act 1873

• Madras Compulsory Labour Act 1858

• Madras District Police Act 1859

• Madras Forest (Validation) Act 1882

• Madras Public Property Malversation Act 1837

• Madras Rent and Revenue Sales Act 1839

• Madras Revenue Commissioner Act 1849

• Madras Uncovenated Officers' Act 1857

• Mahatama Gandhi Antarashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Act, 1996 1997

• Mahendra Pratap Singh Estate (Repeal) Act 1960

• Maintenance Orders Enforcement Act 1921

• Major Port Trusts Act 1963

• Mangrol and Manavadar (Administration of Property) Act 1949

• Manipur and Tripura (Repeal of Laws) Act 1958

• Manipur (Courts) Act 1955

• Manipur (Hill Areas District Council) Act 1971

• Manipur Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act 1960

• Manipur Municipalities Act 1994

• Manipur Panchayati Raj Act 1994

• Manipur (Sales of Motor Spirit and Lubricants) Taxation Act 1962

• Manipur (Village Authorities in Hill Areas) Act 1956

• Manoeuvres, Field Firing and Artillery Practice Act 1938

• Marine Insurance Act 1963

• Marine Products Export Development Authority Act 1972

• Maritime Zones of India (Regulation of Fishing by Foreign Vessels) Act 1981

• Marking of Heavy Packages Act 1951

• Marriages Validation Act 1892

• Married Women's Property Act 1874

• Married Women's Property (Extension) Act 1959

• Maruti Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980

• Maternity Benefit Act 1961

• Maulana Azad National Urdu University Act, 1996 1997

• Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1971

• Medicinal and Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955

• Mental Health Act 1987

• Merchant Shipping Act 1958

• Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1986

• Merchant Shipping (Amendment) Act 1987

• Merged States (Laws) Act 1949

• Metal Corporation (Nationalisation and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 100

• Metal Tokens Act 1889

• Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act 1978

• Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act 1946

• Mineral Oils (Additional Duties of Excise and Customs) Act 1958

• Mines Act 1952

• Mines and Minerals (Regulation and Development) Act 1957

• Minimum Wages Act 1948

• Mirzapur Stone Mahal Act 1886

• Miscellaneous Personal Laws (Extension) Act 1959

• Mizoram University Act 2000

• Mogul Line Limited (Acquisition of Shares) Act 1984

• Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act 1969

• Motor Transport Workers Act 1961

• Motor Vehicles Act 1988

• Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993

• Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act 1984

• Municipal Taxation Act 1881

• Murshidabad Act 1891

• Murshidabad Estate Administration Act 1933

• Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act 1937

• Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act 1986

• Mussalman Wakf Act 1923

• Mussalman Wakf Validating Act 1913

• Mussalman Wakf Validating Act 1930

• Mysore State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act 1971

• Naga Hills-Tuensang Area Act 1957

• Nagaland University Act 1989

• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985

• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act 1981

• National Cadet Corps Act 1948

• National Capital Region Planning Board Act 1985

• National Commission for Backward Classes Act 1993

• National Commission for Minorities Act 1992

• National Commission for Safai Karamcharis Act 1993

• National Commission for Women Act 1990

• National Company (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act 1980

• National Co-operative Development Corporation Act 1962

• National Council for Teacher Education Act 1993

• National Dairy Development Board Act 1987

• National Environment Appellate Authority Act 1997

• National Environment Tribunal Act 1995

• National Highways Act 1956

• National Highways Authority of India Act 1988

• National Housing Bank Act 1987

• National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act 1998

• National Library of India Act 1976

• National Oil Seeds and Vegetable Oils Development Board Act 1983

• National Security Act 1980

• National Security Guard Act 1986

• National Service Act 1972

• National Thermal Power Corporation Limited, the National Hydro-Electric 1993 24 Power Corporation Limited and the North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Power Transmission Systems) Act

• National Trust for Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, 1999 44 Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities Act

• National Waterway (Allahabad-Haldia Stretch of the 1982 49 Ganga-Bhagirathi, Hooghly River) Act

• National Waterway (Kollam-Kottapuram Stretch of 1992 25 West Coast Canal and Champakara and Udyogmandal Canals) Act

• National Waterway (Sadiya-Dhubri Stretch of the Brahmaputra River) Act 1988

• Naval and Aircraft Prize Act 1971

• Navy Act 1957

• Negotiable Instruments Act 1881

• New Delhi Municipal Council Act 1994

• Newspaper (Price and Page) Act 1956

• Newspaper (Price and Page Continuance) Act 1961

• Neyveli Lignite Corporation Limited (Acquisition 1994 56 and Transfer of Power Transmission System) Act

• North-Eastern Area (Reorganisation) Act 1971

• North-Eastern Council Act 1971

• North-Eastern Hill University Act 1973

• North-Eastern Provinces Village and Road Police Act 1873

• Northern India Canal and Drainage Act 1873

• Northern India Ferries Act 1878

• Notaries Act 1952

• Oaths Act 1969

• Obstructions in Fairways Act 1881

• Official Languages Act 1963

• Official Secrets Act 1923

• Official Trustees Act 1913

• Oil and Natural Gas Commission (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act 1993

• Oil Fields (Regulation and Development) Act 1948

• Oil Industry (Development) Act 1974

• Opium and Revenue Laws (Extension of Application) Act 1950

• Oriental Gas Company 1857

• Oriental Gas Company 1867

• Orissa Weights and Measures (Delhi Repeal) Act 1958

• Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes (Supervision and Control) Act 1960

• Oudh Estates Act 1869

• Oudh Laws Act 1876

• Oudh Sub-settlement Act 1866

• Oudh Taluqdars' Relief Act 1870

• Oudh Wasikas Act 1886

• Parel Investment and Trading Private Limited and Domestic Gas Private 1979 29 Limited (Taking Over of Management) Act

• Parliament (Prevention of Disqualification) Act 1959

• Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Act 1977

• Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act 1936

• Part B States (Laws) Act 1951

• Part B States Marriages Validating Act 1952

• Part C States Miscellaneous Laws (Repealing) Act 1951

• Parliamentary Proceedings (Protection of Publication) Repeal Act 1976

• Partition Act 1893

• Partition of Revenue-paying Estates 1863

• Passport (Entry into India) Act 1920

• Passports Act 1967

• Patents Act 1970

• Payment of Bonus Act 1965

• Payment of Gratuity (Amendment) Act 1987

• Payment of Gratuity Act 1972

• Payment of Wages Act 1936

• Pensions Act 1871

• Personal Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act 1963

• Persons With Disabilities (Equal Opportunities, Protection of Rights and Full 1996

• Participation) Act, 1995

• Petroleum Act 1934

• Petroleum and Minerals Pipelines (Acquisition of Right of User in Land) Act 1962

• Petroleum (Berar Extension) Act 1937

• Pharmacy Act 1948

• Places of Worship (Special Provisions) Act 1991

• Plantations Labour Act 1951

• Poisons Act 1919

• Police Act 1861

• Police Act 1888

• Police Act 1949

• Police, Agra 1854

• Police Forces (Restriction of Rights) Act 1966

• Police (Incitement to Disaffection) Act 1922

• Pondicherry (Administration) Act 1962

• Pondicherry (Extension of Laws) Act 1968

• Pondicherry University Act 1985

• Porahat Estate Act 1893

• Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Act 1966

• Post Office Cash Certificates Act 1917

• Powers-of-Attorney Act 1882

• Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act 1990

• Preference Shares (Regulation of Dividend) Act 1960

• Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act 1994

• Presidency Small Cause Courts Act 1882

• Presidency-towns Insolvency Act 1909

• President (Discharge of Functions) Act 1969

• Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act 1952

• President's Emoluments and Pension Act 1951

• Press and Registration of Books Act 1867

• Press Council Act 1978

• Prevention of Blackmarketing and Maintenance of Supplies of Essential 1980 07 Commodities Act

• Prevention of Corruption Act 1988

• Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960

• Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act 1984

• Prevention of Food Adulteration Act 1954

• Prevention of Food Adulteration (Extension to 1972 24 Kohima and Mokokchung Districts) Act

• Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1988

• Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act 1971

• Prevention of Seditious Meetings Act 1911

• Prisoners Act 1900

• Prisoners (Attendance in Courts) Act 1955

• Prisons Act 1894

• Prize Chits and Money Circulation Scheme (Banning) Act 1978

• Prize Competitions Act 1955

• Probation of Offenders Act 1958

• Produce Cess Act 1966

• Professions Tax Limitation (Amendment and Validation) Act 1949

• Promissory Notes (Stamp) Act 1926

• Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955

• Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 1994

• Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Right Act 2001

• Provident Funds Act 1925

• Provincial Insolvency Act 1920

• Provincial Small Cause Courts Act 1887

• Provisional Collection of Taxes Act 1931

• Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled Areas) Act 1996

• Public Accountants' Defaults Act 1850

• Public Debt Act 1944

• Public Employment (Requirement as to Residence) Act 1957

• Public Financial Institutions (Obligation as to Fidelity and Secrecy) Act 1983

• Public Gambling Act 1867

• Public Liability Insurance Act 1991

• Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants) Act 1971

• Public Provident Fund Act 1968

• Public Records Act 1993

• Public Sector Iron and Steel Companies (Restructuring) and Miscellaneous 1978

• Provisions Act

• Public Servants (Inquiries) Act 1850

• Public Suits Validation Act 1932

• Public Wakfs (Extension of Limitation) Act 1959

• Punjab District Boards Act 1883

• Punjab Disturbed Areas Act 1983

• Punjab Excise (Delhi Amendment) Act 1979

• Punjab Gram Panchayat, Samities and Zilla Parishad (Chandigarh Repeal) Act 1994

• Punjab Land Revenue Act 1887

• Punjab Laws Act 1872

• Punjab Legislative Council (Abolition) Act 1969

• Punjab Municipal Corporation Law (Extension to Chandigarh) Act 1994

• Punjab Pre-emption (Chandigarh and Delhi Repeal) Act 1989

• Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966

• Punjab State Legislature (Delegation of Powers) Act 1984

• Punjab Tenancy Act 1887

• Railway Claims Tribunal Act 1987

• Railway Companies (Emergency Provisions) Act 1951

• Railway Property (Unlawful Possession) Act 1966

• Railway Protection Force Act 1957

• Railway Protection Force (Amendment) Act 1985

• Railways Act 1989

• Railways Employment of Members of the Armed Forces Act 1965

• Railways (Local Authorities' Taxation) Act 1941

• Raipur and Khattra Laws Act 1879

• Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh (Transfer of Territories) Act 1959

• Rajghat Samadhi Act 1951

• Rampur Raza Library Act 1975

• Reciprocity Act 1943

• Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act 1993

• Red Cross Society (Allocation of Property) Act 1936

• Reformatory Schools Act 1897

• Refugee Relief Taxes (Abolition) Act 1973

• Regional Rural Banks Act 1976

• Registration Act 1908

• Registration of Births and Deaths Act 1969

• Registration of Foreigners Act 1939

• Rehabilitation Council of India Act 1992

• Rehabilitation Finance Administration Act 1948

• Religious Endowments Act 1863

• Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act 1988

• Religious Societies Act 1880

• Remittances of Foreign Exchange and Investment in Foreign Exchange Bonds 1991 41 (Immunities and Exemptions) Act

• Rent Recovery Act 1853

• Representation of the People Act 1950

• Representation of the People (Amendment) Act 1989

• Representation of the People Act 1951

• Representation of the People (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1956

• Requisitioned Land (Apportionment of Compensation) Act 1949

• Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act 1952

• Research and Development Cess Act 1986

• Reserve Bank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act 1948

• Reserve Bank of India Act 1934

• Reserve Bank of India (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953

• Reserve and Auxiliary Air Forces Act 1952

• Resettlement of Displaced Persons (Land Acquisition) Act 1948

• Revenue, Bombay 1842

• Revenue Commissioners, Bombay 1842

• Revenue Recovery Act 1890

• Richardson and Cruddas Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of Under- 1972 78 takings) Act

• River Boards Act 1956

• Road Transport Corporations Act 1950

• Rubber Act 1947

• SAARC Convention (Suppression of Terrorism) Act 1993

• Salar Jung Museum Act 1961

• Salary, Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament Act 1954

• Salaries and Allowances of Ministers Act 1952

• Salaries and Allowances of Officers of Parliament Act 1953

• Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act 1977

• Sale of Goods Act 1930

• Sales of Land for Revenue Arrears 1845

• Sales Promotion Employees (Conditions of Service) Act 1976

• Sales Tax Laws Validation Act 1956

• Salt Cess Act 1953

• Sarais Act 1867

• Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1951

• Scheduled Areas (Assimilation of Laws) Act 1953

• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1956

• Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Act 1976 108

• Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989

• Scheduled Securities (Hyderabad) Act 1949

• Seamen's Provident Fund Act 1966

• Seaward Artillery Practice Act 1949

• Securities and Exchange Board of India Act 1992

• Securities Contracts (Regulation) Act 1956

• Seeds Act 1966

• Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Layout Design Act 2000

• Sheriff of Calcutta (Power of Custody) Act 1931

• Sheriffs' Fees Act 1852

• Shillong (Rifle Range and Umlong) Cantonments Assimilation of Laws Act 1954

• Shipping Development Fund Committee (Abolition) Act 1986

• Shore Nuisances (Bombay and Kolaba) Act 1853

• Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 1986

• Sick Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act 1974

• Sick Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act 1972

• Sikh Gurdwaras (Supplementary) Act 1925

• Sir Dinshaw Maneckjee Petit Act 1893

• Sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy Baronetcy Act 1915

• Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act 1956

• Small Coins (Offences) Act 1971

• Small Industries Development Bank of India Act 1989

• Smith, Stainstreet and Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1977 41 Undertakings) Act

• Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators (Forfeiture of Property) Act 1976

• Societies Registration Act 1860

• Sonthal Parganas Act 1855

• Sonthal Parganas Act 1857

• Special Court (Trial of Offences Relating to Transactions in Securities) Act 1992

• Special Criminal Courts (Jurisdiction) Act 1950

• Special Marriage Act 1954

• Special Protection Group Act 1988

• Special Tribunals (Supplementary Provisions) Act 1946

• Specific Relief Act 1963

• Spices Board Act 1986

• Spices Cess Act 1986

• Spirituous Preparation (Inter-State Trade and Commerce) Control Act 1955

• Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, 1980 52 Trivandrum Act

• St. John Ambulance Association (India) Transfer of Funds Act 1956

• Stage-Carriages Act 1861

• Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976

• Standards of Weights and Measures (Enforcement) Act 1985

• Standards of Weights and Measures (Extension to Kohima and Mokokchung 1967 25 Districts) Act

• State Acquisition of Lands for Union Purposes (Validation) Act 1954

• State Agricultural Credit Corporation Act 1968

• State Armed Police Forces (Extension of Laws) Act 1952

• State Associated Banks (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1962

• State Bank of Hyderabad Act 1956

• State Bank of India Act 1955

• State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act 1959

• State Bank of Sikkim (Acquisition of Shares) and Miscellaneous 1982 62 Provisions Act

• State Financial Corporations Act 1951

• State of Arunachal Pradesh Act 1986

• State of Himachal Pradesh Act 1970

• State of Mizoram Act 1986

• State of Nagaland Act 1962

• States Reorganisation Act 1956

• Sugar-cane Act 1934

• Sugar Cess Act 1982

• Sugar Development Fund Act 1982

• Sugar Export Promotion Act 1958

• Sugar (Regulation of Production) Act 1961

• Sugar (Special Excise Duty) Act 1959

• Sugar Undertaking (Taking over of Management) Act 1978

• Suits Valuation Act 1887

• Suppression of Unlawful Acts against Safety of Civil Aviation Act 1982

• Supreme Court Advocates (Practice in High Courts) Act 1951

• Supreme Court (Enlargement of Criminal Appellate Jurisdiction) Act 1970

• Supreme Court Judges ( Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958

• Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Act 1956

• Swadeshi Cotton Mills Company Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1986 30 Undertakings) Act

• Tamil Nadu Agricultural Service Co-operative Societies (Appointment of 1988 22 Special Officers) Amendment Act

• Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1965

• Taxation Laws (Amendment and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1986

• Taxation Laws (Continuation and Validation of Recovery Proceedings) Act 1964

• Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1954

• Taxation Laws (Extension to Jammu and Kashmir) Act 1972

• Tea Act 1953

• Tea Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Sick Tea Units) Act 1985

• Tea Districts Emigrant Labour (Repeal) Act 1970

• Technology Development Board Act 1995

• Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act 1997

• Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act 1950

• Terminal Tax on Railway Passengers Act 1956

• Territorial Army Act 1948

• Territorial Waters, Continental Shelf, Exclusive Economic Zone and other 1976 80 Maritime Zones Act

• Terrorist Affected Areas (Special Courts) Act 1984

• Textile Undertakings (Nationalisation) Act 1995

• Textile Undertakings (Taking Over of Management) Act 1983

• Textiles Committee Act 1963

• Tezpur University Act 1993

• Tobacco Board Act 1975

• Tobacco Cess Act 1975

• Tobacco Duty (Town of Bombay) Act 1857

• Tokyo Convention Act 1975

• Trade Marks Act 1999

• Trade Unions Act 1926

• Trading with the Enemy (Continuance of Emergency Provisions) Act 1947

• Transfer of Evacuee Deposits Act 1954

• Transfer of Prisoners Act 1950

• Transfer of Property Act 1882

• Transfer of Property (Amendment) Supplementary Act 1929

• Transformer and Switchgear Limited (Acquisition and Transfer of 1983 41 Undertakings) Act

• Transplantation of Human Organs Act 1994

• Travancore-Cochin Vehicles Taxation (Amendment and Validation) Act 1959

• Tripura Land Revenue and Land Reforms Act 1960

• Union Duties of Excise (Distribution) Act 1979

• Union Duties of Excise (Electricity Distribution) Act 1980

• Union Territories (Direct Election to the House of the People) Act 1965

• Union Territories (Laws) Act 1950

• Union Territories (Separation of Judicial and Executive Functions) Act 1969

• Union Territories (Stamp and Court-fees Laws) Act 1961

• Unit Trust of India Act 1963

• United Nations (Privileges and Immunities) Act 1947

• United Nations (Security Council) Act 1947

• United Provinces Act 1890

• University Grants Commission Act 1956

• University of Hyderabad Act 1974

• Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act 1967

• Untouchability (Offences) Amendment and Miscellaneous Provision Act 1976 106

• Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Act 1976

• Urban Land (Ceiling and Regulation) Repeal Act 1999

• Usurious Loans Act 1918

• Usury Laws Repeal Act 1855

• Uttar Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act 1971

• Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act 2000

• Vice-President's Pension Act 1997

• Victoria Memorial Act 1903

• Visva-Bharati Act 1951

• Voluntary Surrender of Salaries (Exemption from Taxation) Act 1961

• Wakf Act 1995

• War Injuries (Compensation Insurance) Act 1943

• Warehousing Corporations Act 1962

• Warehousing Corporations (Supplementary) Act 1965

• Waste-Lands (Claims) Act 1863

• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974

• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act 1977

• Wealth-tax Act 1957

• Weekly Holidays Act 1942

• West Godavari District (Assimilation of Laws on Federal Subjects) Act 1949

• White Phosphorus Matches Prohibition Act 1913

• Wild Birds and Animals Protection Act 1912

• Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972

• Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act 1991

• Women's and Children's Institutions (Licensing) Act 1956 105

• Working Journalists and other Newspaper Employees (Conditions of Service) 1955 45 and Miscellaneous Provisions Act

• Working Journalists (Fixation of Rates of Wages) Act 1958

• Workmen's Compensation Act 1923

• Works of Defence Act 1903

• Young Persons (Harmful Publications) Act 1956

[8] Commonwealth (Comunidade Britânica)

Com sede em Londres, a Comunidade Britânica (Commonwealth) é uma associação de 54 países, totalizando cerca de um quarto da população mundial. É formada pelo Reino Unido e a maioria de suas ex-colônias, que optaram por manter laços de cooperação. Por meio de órgãos específicos, a Comunidade oferece ajuda técnica e científica aos membros mais pobres em áreas como agricultura, energia, indústria e infra-estrutura. Desde 1990, monitora eleições a pedido dos governos nacionais e desenvolve programas de gerenciamento dos pleitos.

Embora independentes do Reino Unido, todas as nações aceitam a rainha inglesa Elizabeth II como chefe simbólica da Comunidade Britânica. Ela é, também, a chefe de Estado do Reino Unido e de 15 dos 22 países cujo sistema político é a Monarquia. Nesses casos é representada por um governador-geral, cuja escolha é feita por ela, mas aconselhada pelo primeiro-ministro do país, como ocorre na Austrália, na Jamaica e no Canadá. Em outras cinco monarquias da Comunidade - Brunei, Lesoto, Malásia, Suazilândia e Tonga -, o rei acumula as funções de chefe de Estado e de governo. Em Samoa, o chefe de Estado é vitalício, existindo também um primeiro ministro. A República é adotada como forma de governo em 32 países.

Membros - África do Sul (reingresso em 1994); Antígua e Barbuda (1981); Austrália (1931); Bahamas (1973); Bangladesh (1972); Barbados (1966); Belize (1981); Botsuana (1966); Brunei (1984); Camarões (1995); Canadá (1931); Chipre (1961); Cingapura (1965); Dominica (1978); Fiji (reingresso em 1997); Gâmbia (1965); Gana (1957); Granada (1974); Guiana (1966); Ilhas Salomão (1978); Índia (1947); Jamaica (1962); Kiribati (1979); Lesoto (1966); Malauí (1964); Malásia (1957); Maldivas (1982); Malta (1964); Maurício (1968); Moçambique (1995); Namíbia (1990); Nauru (1968); Nigéria (1960); Nova Zelândia (1931); Papua Nova Guiné (1975); Paquistão (reingresso em 1989); Quênia (1963); Reino Unido (1931); Samoa (1970); Santa Lúcia (1979); São Cristóvão e Névis (1983); São Vicente e Granadinas (1979); Seicheles (1976); Serra Leoa (1961); Sri Lanka (1948); Suazilândia (1968); Tanzânia (1961); Tonga (1970); Trinidad e Tobago (1962); Tuvalu (1978); Uganda (1962); Vanuatu (1980); Zâmbia (1964); Zimbábue (1980). Tuvalu é membro especial e não participa das reuniões de chefes de governo. Paquistão e Fiji são suspensos dos conselhos da organização, após golpes de Estado em 1999 e 2000, respectivamente.

(Fonte: ALMANAQUE ABRIL 2001)

[9] Prova legal. (dir. prc.): Sistema no qual o valor das provas estava preestabelecido em lei, não tendo o juiz nenhuma liberdade na sua apreciação. Este sistema decorria do receio de arbítrio judicial. Havia então uma hierarquia das provas, ficando o juiz impedido também de admitir provas que a lei não especificasse. V. livre convencimento e prova livre. (Fonte: ENCICLOPÉDIA JURÍDICA LEIB SOIBELMAN)

[10] No endereço http://mha.nic.in/justi.htm, se acham dados (em inglês) sobre as ALTAS CORTES (Justiça Estadual) DA ÍNDIA: (nome da Alta Corte, ano de criação, Estados ou Territórios abrangidos, sede e nome do Presidente da Corte): NAME YEAR TERRITORIAL JURISDICTION SEAT CHIEF JUSTICE Allahabad 1866 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad (Bench at Lucknow) M.K. Mitra Andhra Pradesh 1954 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad M.M.S. Liberhan Bombay 1862 Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu Bombay (Benches at Nagpur, Panaji and Aurangabad Y.K. Sabharwal Calcutta 1862 West Bengal, Andaman & Nicobar Islands Calcutta (Circuit Bench at Port Blair) S.K. Mookharjee* Delhi 1966 Delhi Delhi Devinder Gupta* Guwahati** 1948 Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh Guwahati (Benches at Kohima, Aizwal, Imphal, Shillong, Agartala) Brijesh Kumar Gujarat 1960 Gujarat Ahmedabad K.G. Balakrishnan Himachal Pradesh 1971 Himachal Pradesh Shimla Doraiswamy Raju Jammu & Kashmir 1928 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar & Jammu Bhawani Singh Karnataka*** 1884 Karnataka Bangalore Y. Bhaskar Rao Kerala 1958 Kerala, Lakshadweep Ernakulam G. Rajasekharan* Madhya Pradesh 1956 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur (Benches at Gwalior and Indore) A.K. Mathur Madras 1862 Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry Chennai M.K. Jain* Orissa 1948 Orissa Cuttack Arijit Pasayat* Patna 1916 Bihar Patna (Bench at Ranchi) B.M. Lal Punjab and Haryana**** 1966 Punjab, Haryana and Chandigarh Chandigarh Arun B. Saharya Rajasthan 1949 Rajasthan Jodhpur (Bench at Jaipur) S.V. Patil Sikkim 1975 Sikkim Gangtok Ripusudan Dayal * Acting Chief Justice. ** Originally known as Assam High Court, renamed as Guwahati High Court in 1971. *** Originally known as Mysore High Court, renamed as Karnataka High Court in 1973. **** Originally known as Punjab High Court, renamed as Punjab and Haryana High Court in 1966.

[11] ANNOUSSAMY (2001:101-112) trata dos Tribunais para Consumidores num Capítulo separado daquele em que aborda os Tribunais especializados porque, realmente, a defesa dos consumidores vem ganhando força nos últimos anos, esclarecendo o ilustrado doutrinador que esses Tribunais podem ser acionados todas as vezes em que há defeito no objeto comprado ou insuficiência de um serviço contratado. Informa também que a jurisprudência parece revolucionar p Direito tradicional em matéria de venda e de responsabilidade. Fala dos três níveis desses Tribunais, sendo os menos graduados os Fóruns de Distritos, estando acima deles as Comissões dos Estados, e, no topo, a Comissão Nacional, submetida ao controle da Suprema Corte.

[12] Organizações ligadas ao Direito (Law Organizations) (em inglês): - THE BAR ASSOCIATION OF INDIA Chamber Nº 93 Supreme Court Building New Dehli 110001, Índia Fone: (91 11)38.5902 - THE BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA AB/21 Lal Bahadur Shastri Margi Facing Supreme Court Building New Dehli 110001, Índia Fone: (91 11) 38.6845

[13] Faculdades de Direito (Law Schools) (em inglês): 01. AGRA UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Agra, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 02. AJMER UNIVERISTY - LAW DEPARTMENT Ajmer, Rajasthen, Índia 03. ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 04. ALLAHABAD UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Allahabad, Índia 05. AMRAVATI UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Amravati, Maharashtra, Índia 06. ANDHRA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Waltair, Andhra Pradesh, Índia 07. AWADH UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Faizabad, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 08. BANARAS HINDU UNIVERSITY - SCHOOL OF LAW Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 09. BAGALORE UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW Bangalore, Karnataka, Índia 10. BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Hoshangabad Road Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, Índia 11. BERHAMPUR UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Berhampur, Orissa, Índia 12. BHAGALPUR UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Bhagalpur, Bihar, Índia 13. BHARATIDASAN UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Palkalai, Perun Tiruchirapalli,Tamil, Índia 14. BHARTIYAR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Maruthamalai Road Bhartiyar, Índia 15. BHAVANAGAR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTNENT OF LAW Bhavanagar, Gujarat, Índia 16. BIHAR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Muzaffarpur, Bihar, Índia 17. BOMBAY UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW MG Road Fort Bombay, Índia 18. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 19. BURDWAN UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Burdwan, West Bengal, Índia 20. CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW Calcutta, West Bengal, Índia 21. CALICUT UNIVERSITY - LAW SCHOOL P.O. Calicut, Kerala, Índia 22. GURUNANAK DEV UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Amristsar, Punjab, Índia 23. SHRI KRISHNA DEVARAYA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Shri Venkateswarwpuram Anantapur Andhra Pradesh, Índia 24. DIBRUGARH UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW P.O. Dibrugarh Assam, Índia 25. RANI DURGAWATI UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Pachpedi – Jabalpur Medhya Pradesh, Índia 26. MAHATMA GHANDHI UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Priyadarshini Hills, P.O. Kerala, Índia 27. GAUHATI UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar Assam, Índia 28. DR. HARI SINGH GAUR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Sagar Madhya Pradesh, Índia 29. GURU GHASIDAS UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Bilaspur Madhya Pradesh, Índia 30. GOA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Borbolim Santa Cruz Goa, Índia 31. GORAKHPUR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Gorakhpur Uttar Pradesh, Índia 32. GUJARAT UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Índia 33. GULBARGA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Jnana Ganga, Gulbarga Karnataka, Índia 34. HEMVATI NANDAN BAHUGUNA GARHWAI UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Sri Nagar, Garhwal Uttar Pradesh, Índia 35. INDORE UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Indore, Madhya Pradesh, Índia 36. JIWAJI UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Gwalior Madhya Pradesh, Índia 37. JODHPUR UNIVERSITY - FACULTY OF LAW Jodhpur Rajasthan, Índia 38. KAKATIYA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Vidyaranyapuri Andhra Pradesh, Índia 39. MADURAI KAMRAJ UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Palkalai Nagar Madurai T.N., Índia 40. KANPUR UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Kalyanpur, Kampur Uttar Pradesh, Índia 41. KARNATAKA UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Pavate Nagar Dharwad Karnataka, Índia 42. KASHMIR UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Hazratbal Srinagar Kashmir, Índia 43. KERALA UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE P.O. Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, Índia 44. KUMAON UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Nainital, Uttar Pradesh, Índia 45. KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Kurukshetra Haryana, Índia 46. KUVEMPU UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Vishwaivyanilaya Karya Soudha Karkatana, Índia 47. LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Badshah Bagh Lucknow Uttar Pradesh, Índia 48. MADRAS UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Centenary Buildings Chepauk Madras Tamil Nadu, Índia 49. MAGADH UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Bodh Gaya Bihar, Índia 50. MAHARSHI DAYANAND UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Rohtak Haryana, Índia 51. MANGALORE UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Mangalore Karnataka, Índia 52. MANIPU UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Imphal Manipur, Índia 53. MARATHWADA UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Aurangabad Maharashtra, Índia 54. MEERUT UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Meerut Uttar Pradesh, Índia 55. L.N. MITHILA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Kameswaranagar Dhabhanga, Bihar, Índia 56. MYSOR UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Crawford Hall Mysore Karnataka, Índia 57. NARGAJUNA UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Nargajuna Nagar Andhyra Pradesh, Índia 58. NAGPUR UNIVERSITY - MG MARG LAW DEPARTMENT Nagpur Maharashtra, Índia 59. ÍNDIA UNIVERSITY - NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL Central College Compound Bengalore, Índia 60. NORTH BENGAL UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Raja Rammophanpur Dist. West Bengal, Índia 61. NORTH EASTERN HILL UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT Lower Lachaumiere Shillong Meghalaya, Índia 62. NORTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT P.B. nº 21 Rajmahel Road Gujarat, Índia 63. OSMANIA UNIVERSITY - COLLEGE OF LAW Tilak Road Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh, Índia 64. SARDAR PATEL UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE P.B. 10 Vallabh Vidyanagar Gujarat, Índia 65. PATNA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Patna, Bihar, Índia 66. PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY - LAW DEPARTMENT R. Venkataranan Nagar Kalapet Pondichery, Índia 67. SAMBALPUR UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Joyti Yahar Burla, Índia 68. SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Rajkot Gujarat, Índia 69. MAHARAJA SAYAJIRAO UNIVERSITY OF BARODA - LAW DEPARTMENT Baroda Gujarat, Índia 70. RAVI SANKAR UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Raipur Madhya Pradesh, Índia 71. SHIVAJI UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Kolhapur Maharashtra, Índia 72. AWADHESH PRATAP SINGH UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Bevehar Madhya Pradesh, Índia 73. SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE P.B. 49 Vdhna Magdalla Road Gujarat, Índia 74. SRI PADMAVTI MAHILA VISHWAVIDYALAYA - CHITTOOR DIST. DEPARTMENT OF LAW Triupati, Andhra Pradesh, Índia 75. SUKHADIA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Udaipur Rajastham, Índia 76. TRIPURA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW P.O. Vani Vihar Bhubaneshwar Orissa, Índia 77. UNIVERSITY OF DELHI - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Delhi, Índia 78. UNIVERSITY OF JAMMU - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Rahumali Rakh Índia 79. UTKAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW P.O. Vani Vihar Bhubaneshwar Orissa, Índia 80. SHRI VANKATESWARA UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Chittoor Tirupati Andhra Pradesh, Índia 81. KASHI VIDYAPETH - DEPARTMENT OF LAW Varanasi Uttar Pradesh, Índia 82. VIKRAM UNIVERSITY - LAW COLLEGE Kothi Road Ujjain Madhya Pradesh, Índia

[14] No endereço http://www.keral.com/Hcourt/ili.htm se tem notícias (em inglês) do INDIAN LAW INSTITUTE KERALA BRANCH The Indian Law Institute (ILI), New Delhi established in 1956, a national and international centre for promoting and pursuing advanced socio-legal research, was conceived by its founding fathers- the eminent legal luminaries of India. The Institute, through its doctrinal and empirical legal research develops the science of law, promotes systemization in legal and other allied fields, improves legal educations, imparts instructions in law and projects its universal image through studies, books, annual surveys, and periodicals, etc. on current problems of socio-economic and socio-legal relevance. It has been engaged in organising seminars, diploma courses, lecturers and conferences of national and international importance on contemporary problems. The Kerala Branch of the Indian Law Institute is functioning in the High Court premises has been carrying out the objectives of the Parent Institute in letter and spirit effectively. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE President: Hon''ble Sri.Arijit Pasayat, Chief Justice Executive Chairman: Hon''ble Sri.Justice AR.Lakshmanan Treasurer: Sri.M.K.Damodaran, Advocate General of Kerala Secretary: Smt.Susheela.R.Bhat. Advocate MEMBERS Sri.E.Chandrasekharan Nair, Hon''ble Minster of Law, Govt of Kerala Hon''ble Smt.Justice. K.K.Usha Hon''ble Sri.Justice. P.K.Balasubramanyan Hon''ble Sri.Justice K.S.Radhakrishnan Hon''ble Justice Sri.C.S.Rajan Sri.M.M.Abdul Azeez, Advocate Sri.M.Pathrose Mathai, Advocate Dr.K.N.Chandrasekharan Pillai Sri.M.C.Sen, Advocate. RESEACH WING OF THE INDIAN LAW INSTITUTE. KERALA BRANCH EDITORIAL PANEL CHAIRMAN Hon''ble Justice Sri.K.S.Radhakrishnan Honorary Editor Dr.K.N.Chandrasekharan Pillai, Professor of Law Members Sri.N.Sugathan, Advocate Sri.T.R.Ramachandran Nair, Advocate Sri.T.R.Ravi, Advocate ACADEMIC PANEL Hon''ble Sri.Chief Justice Arijit Pasayat :Chief Patron Hon''ble Sri. Justice AR.Lakshmanan: Vice-Patron Hon''ble Sri.Justice K.K.Usha: Chairperson Hon''ble Sri.Justice P.K.Balasubramanyan: Vice-Chairperson Hon''ble Justice Sri. K.S.Radhakrishnan: Vice-Chairperson MEMBERS Hon''ble Sri.Justice A.S.Venkitachala Moorthy Hon''ble Sri.Justice S.Sankarasubban Hon''ble Sri.Justice C.S.Rajan Sri.E.Achuthan Unni, Director of Training, High Court Dr.V.D.Sebastine, Dean, School of Legal Studies, Cochin University Dr.K.N.Chandrasekharan Pillai, Professor of Law, Cochin University Dr.Smt. Sukumari Antharjanam, Professor of Law, Government Law College, Ernakulam Sri.S.Venkitasubramonia Iyer, Senior Advocate Sri.M.N.Sukumaran Nayar, Senior Advocate Sri.Pathrose Mathai, Advocate Sri.E.Subramani, Advocate GENERAL CONVENOR Sri.K.Ramachandran, Advocate JOINT CONVENORS Sri.K.T.Sankaran, Advocate Sri.K.M.Joseph, Advocate